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TABLE OK CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

The President's Proclamation 1 

Chapter I. — The World's Columbian 

Exposition 1893 1 

Site of the World's Fair 2 

Dedication Ceremonies 3 

Foreign Countries 3 

U. S. Government Exhibit 3 

States and Territories 4 

Exhibitors at the Fair 5 

Chicago 5 

Exposition Finances 5 

Co^strjiclion-, 8 

Awards 9 

Chapter II.— Comfort, Convenience 

and Pleasure of Visitors 10 

Department of Public Comfort 10 

Police and Fire Protection 11 

Department of Admissions 11 

Concessions and Privileges 11 

Demands for Space 11 

Medical Bureau 11 

Transportation 11 

Music at the Fair 12 

Electric Lights and Spectacular Ef- 
fects 12 

Restaurants 13 

Prospectus of Dedication Ceremonies. 13 

Chapter III. — Organization 15 

Exposition Directory 15 

Act of Congress 15 

World's Columbian Commission 18 

Board of Lady Managers 20 

Board of Control and Management of 

U. S. Government Exhibit 23 

Officers of the World's Columbian 

Commission 23 

Officers of the World's Columbian 

Exposition 23 

Board, of Reference and Control 23 

Officers of the Departments 23 

Bureau of Construction 24 

Board of Architects 24 

Medical Bureau 24 

World's Congress Auxiliary 24 

Biography, Thos. W. Palmer 25 

Biography, Geo. R. Davis 26 

Biography, W. T. Baker 27 

Biography, Mrs. Potter Palmer 27 

Chapter IV. — Classification and Rules 

and Regulations 28 

Groupings of Classification 28, 29, 30 

General Rules and Regulations 31 

General Regulations for Foreign Ex- 
hibitors 32, 33 

Regulations Governing the Free Im- 
portation of Articles for Exhibi- 
tion 34, 35, 36, 37 

Fine Arts, General Regulations 37 

Rules and Regulations Governing- 
State Exhibits 37, 38 

Applications for Concessions 38 



PAGE 

General Rules to Govern Lessees of 
Concessions 38, 39 

Chapter V. — Buildings and Depart- 
ments , 40 

Administration 40 

Agriculture, Department A 40 

Forestry, Department N 41 

Dairy 41 

Live-Stock, Department C 42 

Horticulture, Department B 42 

Fisheries, Department D 43 

Mines and Mining, Department E. . . . 45 

Machinery, Department F 46 

Transportation Exhibits, Department 

G 47 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts 48 

Manufactures, Department H 49 

Liberal Arts, Department L 49 

Ethnology and Archaeology, Depart- 
ment M 50 

Electricity, Department J 51 

Art Palace, Department K 52 

The Battle Ship 53 

Woman's Building 54 

Illinois State Building 56 

General Information 56 

Publicity and Promotion, Depart- 
ment O 58 

Foreign Affairs, Department P 58 

Chapter VI.— Chicago, 1892 59 

Location and Size 59 

Population, Nationalities 59 

Theaters 59 

Churches 59 

Accommodations 59 

Chicago as a Railway Center 59 

Street Railways 60 

Press of Chicago 60 

General Official Information 60 

Chapter VII. — World's Fair London 
1851 61 

Chapter VIII. — World's Fair Dublin 

1853 65 

World's Fair New York 1853 65 

World's Fair Paris 1855 66 

World's Fair Munich 1854 68 

Chapter IX. — World's Fair London 
1862 68 

Chapter X.— World's Fair Paris 1867. 69 

Chapter XL — World's Fair Vienna 
1873 71 

Chapter XII. — World's Fair Philadel- 
phia 1876 ,73 

Chapter XIII. — World's Fair Paris 

1878 77 

World's Fair Sydney 1879 78 

World's Fair Melbourne 1880 78 

Chapter XIV. — World's Fair Paris 
1889 79 



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PAGE 

Christopher Columbus, 1492 Frontispiece 

General View World's Columbian Exposition 1 

Map World's Columbian Exposition 2 

Jackson Park, Site World's Columbian Exposition 4 

Administration Building, World's Columbian Exposition 6 

Agricultural Building, World's Columbian Exposition 8 

Forestry Building, World's Columbian Exposition 10 

Dairy Building, World's Columbian Exposition 12 

Midway Plaisance, Site World's Columbian Exposition 14 

T. W. Palmer, President World's Columbian Commission 16 

W. T. Baker, President World's Columbian Exposition 19 

George R. Davis, Director General World's Columbian Exposition 20 

Mrs. Potter Palmer, President Board of Lady Managers 21 

Horticultural Building, World's Columbian Exposition 24 

Fisheries Building, World's Columbian Exposition 26 

Mines and Mining Building, World's Columbian Exposition 28 

Machinery Building, World's Columbian Exposition 30 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, World's Columbian Exposition 34 

Lake Front Park 36 

Electricity Building, World's Columbian Exposition 39 

Transportation Building, World's Columbian Exposition 43 

Art Palace, World's Columbian Exposition 45 

Jackson Park, Site World's Columbian Exposition 47 

U. S. Government Building, World's Columbian Exposition 50 

Battle Ship, World's Columbian Exposition 53 

Woman's Building, World's Columbian Exposition 53 

Lagoon View, World's Columbian Exposition 54 

Illinois Building, World's Columbian Exposition 55 

Map of Chicago 58 

World's Fair London 1851, Main Building 62 

Prince Albert, 1851 63 

•Queen Victoria, 1851 64 

World's Fair New York 1853, Main Building 65 

World's Fair Dublin 1853, Main Building 66 

World's Fair Munich 1854, Main Building 67 

World's Fair Paris 1855, Main Building 68 

World's Fair London 1862, Main Building 69 

World's Fair Paris 1867, General View 70 

World's Fair Vienna 1873, General View. 71 

World's Fair Philadelphia 1876, Ground Plan 72 

World's Fair Philadelphia 1876, Main Building 73 

World's Fair Philadelphia 1876, Art Building 74 

World's Fair Paris 1878, U. S. Section 75 

World's Fair Melbourne 1880, Main Building 76 

World's Fair Paris 1889, General View 77 

World's Fair Paris 1889, Grand Fountain 79 

World's Fair Paris 1889, Central Dome 80 

World's Fair Paris 1889, Palace of Art 81 



INTRODUCTORY 



• • • 




[N presenting this work to the public, the publishers have 
aimed to put in comprehensive and concise form the great 
mass of information about the World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion of 1893, an d other previous World's Fairs, for which, 
there is at this time a great interest and popular demand. 
We have endeavored to confine this work to such general 
and important information as will best convey an adecmate 
idea of the general plans of all Fairs. All of this information 
is strictly correct, being gathered from the most authentic 
sources, and we trust that it will prove instructive and bene- 
ficial to our readers. We are indebted to many high officials of the World's Col- 
utnbian Exposition for much of the material contained herein, and desire here to- 
express our sincere appreciation for the many courtesies extended to us by them 
in assisting in the compilation of this work. Every item has been carefully 
secured from official sources, with a view to its completeness and authenticity, and 
our readers ma}' peruse these lines with the certainty that the information can be 
relied upon as being strictly correct and in no manner deviating from the official 
plans of the Exposition. Our articles on previous Fairs are compiled from 
official reports, and other reliable sources, and must prove of interest at this time 
when the subject of World's Fairs is uppermost in the minds of so many people 
throughout the world. An opportunity is here given for comparison between the 
plans of the World's Columbian Exposition and other great Fairs, showing by 
progression the advance made in each successive Exposition. We regret the 
omission of an} 7 reference to the World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial 
Exposition at New Orleans, 1884 and 18S5. It is not caused by oversight, but 
by reason of our inability' to find such information as we believe to be of an official 
and authentic nature, for which reason we are obliged to omit this important Fair 
from its proper place among the great Expositions of the past fort}' years. Our 
illustrations are made from approved architectural drawings, and are prepared 
with that care and correctness necessary to give our readers a complete idea of 
the elaborate plans in construction and ornamentation of all great Fairs illus- 
trated. The general view of the World's Columbian Exposition, shown on large 
sheet following this page, is designed from the latest plans, and in completeness of 
general outline and ornamental detail it represents a full and picturesque view, as 
the Exposition will appear when the work of construction and ornamentation is 
completed. By consulting the Map opposite page 2 the reader can locate all the 
buildings and other points of interest, and also see the dimensions of all buildings 
and spaces allotted to Foreign Countries and States of the Union. 

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THE PRESIDENT'S PROCLAMATION. 

Whereas, Satisfactory proof has been presented to me that provision has been made 
for adequate grounds and buildings for the uses of the World's Columbian Exposition, and 
that a sum not less than $10,000,000, to be used and expended for the purposes of said Expo- 
sition, has been provided in accordance with the conditions and requirements of Section 10 
of an Act entitled "An Act to provide for celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of 
the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus by holding an International Exhibition 
of arts, industries, manufactures and the products of the soil, mine and sea, in the City of 
Chicago, in the State of Illinois," approved April 25, 1890. 

Now, Therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, by virtue of 
the authority vested in me by said Act, do hereby declare and proclaim that such Interna- 
tional Exhibition will be opened on the first day of May, in the year eighteen hundred and 
ninety-three, in the City of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, and will not be closed before 
the last Thursday in October of the same year. 

And in the name of the Government and of the People of the United States, I do hereby 
invite all the nations of the earth to take part in the commemoration of an event that is 
pre-eminent in human history and of lasting interest to mankind by appointing represen- 
tatives thereto, and sending such exhibits to the World's Columbian Exposition as will most 
fitly and fully illustrate their resources, their industries and their progress in civilization. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the 
United States to be affixed. 
Done at the City of Washington this twenty-fourth day of December, in the year of our 

Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety, and in the independence of the United 

States the one hundred and fifteenth. 
By the President: Benj. Harrison. 

James G. Blaine, Secretary of State. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 1893. 

It will be dedicated to the best and highest aims which the human mind has conceived 
and expressed in all the centuries. It will be held in the land seen in vision by Christopher 
Columbus four hundred years ago, which vision neither obstacles nor ridicule could dispel. 
Upon these shores he implored Ferdinand and Isabella to plant the standard of Castile and 
the Cross. In 1492 America was presented to the Spanish Crown as with an undaunted 
faith it had been promised to an incredulous court. In 1893 will be celebrated the dis- 
covery of America by the immortal Columbus, since out from this transcendent event 
came a new civilization which has conferred countless blessings upon the world. In that 
year' all nations will gather at the throne of Genius and Learning that all may be taught 
that Education, Art, Commerce and above all, international amity, may be exalted, and that 
man may be led to higher achievements in all things that dignify and immortalize human 
effort. Events have justified the designation of Chicago for this great work. The develop- 
ment of the new world that Columbus discovered four hundred years ago is what must, in 
the nature of things, be mainly illustrated by the Pair. The progress of the Western 
Hemisphere in all that is most characteristic can be set forth at Chicago as well as any 
where else, and probably better. Ideal considerations could, of course, be produced in 
favor of almost any locality. But the main point now is the more practical one that the busi- 
ness of the Pair is sufficiently advanced to warrant the unqualified statement that there 
will be brilliant success in every respect. There is organization of great strength, coher- 
ency and intelligence actively promoting every department of the work. Not less import- 
ant, the financial resources of the Fair are to be unprecedented. From $20,000,000 to 
$25,000 000 will be invested by the Exposition Directory and the Federal and State Gov- 
ernments, and many millions more will be provided by the foreign governments and by 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 1893. 

private persons, firms and companies, and by the holders of the various concessions. The 
individual states will have appropriated in the aggregate four or five times as much as 
they appropriated for the Centennial at Philadelphia, and the preparations in general are 
upon a much superior scale of magnitude. The Fair, it will be remembered, is to be far 
more than an exposition of the world's material progress. Besides illustrating in every 
visible and tangible way the advances of modern education, it will convene an Interna- 
tional Educational Congress. In like manner there will be a series of congresses for the 
promotion of science, social well being and international unity in various special directions. 
The Fair will, of course, have its full share of audacious novelties to eclipse the Eiffel 
tower and other striking features of recent European expositions. Chicago will not fail 
to profit by the experiences of World's Fairs up to date, and may be relied upon to surpass 
by far all previous efforts. But it has also a right to claim the enthusiastic co-operation 
of the whole country. 

Can Chicago be ready at the appointed time? is a question frequently asked. Unques- 
tionably the date can be successfully met. Two years in Chicago is as a decade almost 
anywhere else. Will Europe really show a keen interest in the enterprise? is another 
question that is propounded. There is sufficient reason already for a reply in the affirma- 
tive. The exhibits and the travel from European countries in 1893 will far surpass the 
record of 1876. As marking the actual progress of modern civilization, the World's Fair 
at Chicago will be the most completely representative event of the nineteenth century. 
It should have not only the ardent well-wishes of every American, but also the support of 
localities and individuals in order that it may depict with faithfulness and with due histor- 
ical perspective the development of every portion of the United States. 

Site of the World's Fair.— Chicago, imique in almost everything, possesses fovr 
practically available sites, each presenting many good reasons for favorable selection. 
The Directors of the Exposition, in whose hands was placed the duty of selecting a suitable 
site, gave such time and attention to this important matter as few business men could or 
-would have given. Working steadily, with competent architects, engineers and sani- 
tary experts, and giving many months of their valuable time to this arduous undertaking, 
they finally arrived at a result which met the approval of the National Commission and 
which must be absolutely satisfactory to the millions of visitors in whose interest this 
.great enterprise is to be carried through. The site adopted by the Board of Directors and 
approved by the National Commission is that portion of the justly celebrated South Park 
System of Chicago, known as Jackson Park and the Midway Plaisance. Having in view 
the comfort and convenience of the hundreds of thousands of our citizens and those from 
abroad, this site affords advantages which upon reflection must be appreciated and clearly 
understood by the practical mind. This beautiful location is within easy distance of the 
center of the business portion of Chicago, and is accessible by means of the most complete 
transportation facilities. Jackson Park has a frontage on Lake Michigan of one and one- 
half miles, and contains 600 acres of ground. The Midway Plaisance, which forms the 
connecting link between Jackson and Washington Parks, is one mile long and 600 feet 
wide, making an additional area of about 85 acres. The frequent illustrations of build- 
ings and grounds, with careful descriptions, shown in this valuable book, will give the 
reader a very complete idea of the plans contemplated in this stupendous work. The com- 
fort and convenience of visitors will be considered in every arrangement, and the occasion 
will not only be enjoyable and instructive in the highest degree, but it will be one to cher- 
ish as the great event of a life-time. The attractions to be provided are so numerous that it 
would be impossible to convey an adequate idea of their extent and variety. The archi* 
tectural groupings and grandeur of highly ornamental design will, collectively, excel all 
previous attempts at any Exposition. The plan of arrangements for the grounds will pre- 
sent features in landscape effects, statuary, fountains, inland lakes, ornamental bridges, 
avenues and floral designs so artistic in their beauty as to command the admiration of th9 
world. The frontage of the grounds on Lake Michigan, the queen of all the Great Lakes, 
affords grand opportunities for marine displays of the most magnificent character, and 
■which will be taken full advantage of by the management to furnish beautiful attractions 
■which otherwise could not be attempted. 

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THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 1893. 



Dedication Ceremonies. — The four hundredth anniversary of the great historical 
event which the World's Columbian Exposition commemorates, will be celebrated in 
October, 1892, by the dedication of the buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition, 
with an extensive program of ceremonies, and it is expected that at tbat time the City 
of Chicago will be the center of attraction for many hundred thousands of strangers from 
all parts of the world. 

October is one of the delightfully pleasant months of the year, and visitors at that 
time may be assured of a most satisfactory and enjoyable time. This occasion will be 
made much of, and in its grandeur will be far superior to any event of like character in the 
history of the United States. A large sum of money has been appropriated to defray the 
expense of this program. Great interest is being shown in this celebration, and in addition 
to the participation of the President and other high officials of the Government, it is 
certain that every State in the Union will be represented by its Governor and staff, with 
a full detail of its National Guard. The Army of the United States will be represented by 
a large force from every branch of the service. The industrial and educational features 
of the program will be surpassingly grand. The whole plan of dedication will fittingly 
announce to the world that the great World's Fair, on which so much talent and wealth 
will have been expended, is to be the most magnificent event in the history of the nine- 
teenth century, and from that time forth the people of this glorious country will look 
forward with pride to the opening of the great Pair of 1893, which is to overshadow in its 
magnificence all previous enterprises of its kind. 

Foreign Countries. — The whole world is interested and all the Nations of the earth 
-will participate with the grandest and most creditable characteristic exhibits of their 
arts, sciences, natural resources, customs, conditions and progress of their people. All 
the great countries of Europe, with their extensive possessions, will be represented. 
From far-away India, Burmah, Siam, China, Japan, Persia, Islands of the Pacific, Aus- 
tralia, Tasmania, Egypt, Turkey and the strange lands of mysterious and almost unknown 
Africa will come attractions of magnificent and interesting character. All the European 
nations have displayed the greatest interest in the Exposition, and all give assurances of 
their unqualified support and co-operation. Their finest collections of art will be gathered 
here, and each country promises to display in the most complete manner their varied 
resources. All of the countries of South and Central America with Mexico are making 
the most elaborate preparation for an extensive exhibition of their splendid resources and 
products. Millions of money will be expended by these foreign countries, and the beauty 
of the Exposition will be enhanced thereby to a greater degree. The contemplated 
plans of many of these countries indicate an intention to construct buildings of the finest 
character in which to make their exhibits. The style of architecture in each case will 
be characteristic of the country represented. It will thus be seen that in addition to 
the beautiful buildings erected by the Exposition there will also be a grand display of 
architecture from every part of the world, making the variety of design so extensive as 
to be bewildering in its outlines. The following is a list of the Foreign Countries that 
have already accepted the invitation of the President to participate in the World's Colum- 
bian Exposition. All others will undoubtedly accept : 



FOREIGN COUNTRIES AT THE FAIR. 



Algeria. 
Austria. 

Argentine Rep'lc. 
Brazil. 
Bolivia. 
British Guinea. 
British Honduras. 
Belgium. 
Cuba. 



Chili. 

China. 

Costa Rica. 

Denmark. 

Danish W. Indies. 

Dutch Guiana. 

Ecuador. 

France. 

Great Britain. 



Germany. 

Guatamala. 

Hayti. 

Honduras. 

Japan. 

Jamaica. 

Mexico. 

Norway. 

New Zealand. 



Nicaragua. 

New S. Wales. 

Persia. 

Porto Rico. 

Peru. 

Russia. 

Rep. of Colombia. 

Spain. 



Siam. 

San Domingo. 

Salvador. 

Turkey. 

Trinidad. 

Uruguay. 

Venezuela. 

Zanzibar. 



United States Government Exhibit. — Section 16 of the Act of Congress, in refer- 
ence to the Exposition, provides: "That there shall be exhibited at said Exposition, by 

the Government of the United States, from its Executive Departments, the Smithsonian 

3 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 1S93. 



Institution, the United States Fish Commission and the National Museum, such articles 
and materials as illustrate the function and administrative faculty of the government in 
time of peace, and its resources as a war power, tending to demonstrate the nature of our 
institutions and their adaptation to the wants of the people; and to secure a complete and 
harmonious arrangement of such a Government exhibit, a board shall be created to be 
charged with the selection, preparation, arrangement, safe keeping and exhibition of such 
articles and materials as the heads of the several departments and the Directors of the 
Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum may respectively decide shall be 
embraced in said Government exhibit. The President may also designate additional arti- 
cles for exhibition. Such board shall be composed of one person to be named by the head 
of each Executive Department, and one by the Directors of the Smithsonian Institution 
and the National Museum, and one by the Fish Commission, such selections to be approved 
by the President of the United States. The President shall name the chairman of said 
board, and the board itself shall select such other officers as it may deem necessary." 

.This board has been appointed, and is now actively at work making preparations for 
an -exhibit which, it is believed, will be fully illustrative of the rapid progress and advance- 
ment of the country since the organization of the Government. 

One of the interesting features of the Government exhibit will be a life-saving station, 
erected on the shore of Lake Michigan, and in operation, fully equipped with all appara/- 
tus, furniture and appliances now in use in all the life-saving stations of the United States. 

Naval Exhibit. — It is proposed that the exhibit of the Navy Department shall be in 
a building detached from the main Government exhibit. The building is to be of the 
form and of the dimensions of one of the new armored coast line battle ships (two of which 
are being constructed in Philadelphia and one in San Francisco). 

It is not proposed to build afac-simile of a ship in all details, excepting that part which 
is above the water. 

The berth deck of this vessel will be used, in the main, as the exhibit deck of models 
and various other naval appliances, such as have heretofore been shown on the exhibition 
floor of the previous exhibitions. 

The exterior, the main deck, the battery deck and the military mast, will be a fac- 
simile of the three battle ships now being constructed. The turrets will be in place, the 
guns in place, the boats in place, and, in fact, all the appliances as far as may be practi- 
cable. 

The armament of these vessels, and which will be represented in the proposed armored 
building, will consist of four 13-inch guns, eight 8-inch guns, four 6-inch guns, twenty six- 
pounders and a number of smaller guns which will be mounted on the upper deck and on 
the military mast. 

The vessels of which this building will be a prototype are the largest, the heaviest, 
and the most formidable of any ever built in this country. They are also equipped with 
torpedo tubes and torpedo boats, and protected by seventeen inch thickness of armor 
plating. 

It is not probable that the interior model of the ship can be exhibited in a satisfactory 
manner, but these different interiors will be shown in models as far as practicable. 

The States and Territories. — The great interest shown by all foreign lands is 
being emulated on a broad scale by the States and Territories of the Union. The Exposi- 
tion management has provided and allotted a separate and ample site for each and every 
State and Territory to erect buildings for the purpose of displaying their natural resources 
to the greatest advantage. These buildings will also be utilized as headquarters, where 
the people from each State can always feel at home while at the Fair. Large appro- 
priations have been made by many of the States, and in others ample funds are being 
raised to carry out this purpose in the most appropriate manner. Buildings of appropri- 
ate design will be erected, all adding to the beauty and grandeur of the general effect. 
The people of the United States will have reason to feel greater pride in and patriotic 
love for their country when they see the magnificent manner in which all the States and 
Territories of the Union have responded to make this Exposition so grand a success. The 

4 






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-3 

THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 1893. 



following- is a list of the States and Territories, showing the amount of money appropri- 
ated by each for the purpose of carrying - out this great plan of State exhibits. 

Arizona, $ 30,000 Michigan $ 100,000 Ohio $ 100,000 

California 300,000 Minnesota 50,000 Pennsylvania 300,000 

Colorado 100,000 Missouri 150,000 Rhode Island 25,000 

Delaware 10,000 Montana 50,000 Vermont 15,000 

Idaho 20,000 Nebraska 50,000 Washington 100,000 

Illinois 800,000 New Hampshire . . 25,000 West Virginia 40,000 

Indiana 75,000 New Jersey 20,000 Wisconsin 65,000 

Iowa 50,000 New Mexico 25,000 Wyoming 30,000 

Maine 40,000 North Carolina. . . 25,000 

Massachusetts 75,000 North Dakota ..... 25,000 $2,695,000 

Within a few months nearly all of the other States will be added to this list. In six or 
seven the legislators will meet this winter for the first time since the Exposition enter- 
prise took definite shape. Most of them will unquestionably make liberal appropriations, 
as popular sentiment demands it. It is certain, too, that a number of States, which have 
already made appropriations, will increase them. In nine States which made no appro- 
priations, either because of constitutional restriction or for other reasons, State conventions 
have been held, and plans, generally of the stock subscription character, have been inaugu- 
rated and are in operation to raise amounts deemed necessary for proper representation at 
the Exposition. These States and the sums they are endeavoring to raise are: 

Alabama $ 50,000 Georgia $100,000 South Dakota $ 80,000 

Arkansas 100,000 Kansas 100,000 Tennessee 100,000 

Elorida 100,000 Oregon.... 100,000 Texas 300,000 



Total $1,030,000 

Exhibitors at the Pair. — Combined with the enterprising work and encouraging" 
promises of all the countries of the earth, there is also positive assurance from thousands 
of individual interests in all parts of the world that encourages the management to expect 
such a display of the resources and produces of the human race as to outshine anything of 
the kind ever attempted. Thirteen departments have been organized, in which all material 
things known to man have been carefully and respectively classified. (Por Classification 
of Departments see page 28. ) 

An able Chief, with a corps of competent assistants, is in charge of each of these 
departments, and every facility will be provided to enable exhibitors to display their 
special products to the best advantage. 

Chicago.— Not the least in importance, the City of Chicago claims a place in this 
great enterprise. She will occupy the most prominent place of all, as it is to her that 
the people of the world must come to see and appreciate this mighty undertaking in 
which she has taken so large a part. Indeed, it is through her efforts that the World's Col- 
umbian Exposition has been made possible. Her pride will have been gratified to its fullest 
extent when, as her guests, the people of the earth shall have come and been welcome to 
this great event. Chicago is impressed with her responsibility. She is determined that 
the Pair shall meet the highest expectation. A municipality, equal to every demand, and 
a public-spirited citizenship whose Americanism is pledged, as is the Nation, to its splen- 
did success. 

Exposition Finances.— The finances of the Exposition are in a very satisfactory 
condition. At the inception of the enterprise Chicago provided $10,000,000, of which 
$5,000,000 was in subscriptions to the capital stock of the World's Columbian Exposition, 
and $5,000,000 was in bonds, voted by the City Council of the City of Chicago. 

Subscriptions to the capital stock are continually being made, and now aggregate 
about $6,000,000. 

The subscriptions on the capital stock are paid on the call of the Directory as the 
money is needed in the prosecution of the work. 

Up to September 15th, 1891, $3,000,000 had been paid in on call. The balance will be 
paid in as needed as the work progresses. 

The Exposition Directory planned a magnificent exposition. They found that $10,000,- 
000 would not be enough, and so, without entertaining for a moment the idea of modifying 

5 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 1S93. 



their plans, they decided to raise whatever additional amount of money might be neces- 
sary. This they are now doing, and no fear need be felt that they will not succeed. 

The Exposition Directory recently made the following estimate of its resources and 
expenditures : 

RESOURCES. EXPENSES. 

Stock Subscriptions $ 5,628,000 For grounds and buildings, etc. .$12,96fi,890 

City of Chicago bonds 5,000,000 For administration 3.308,563 

Prospective gate receipts 10,000,000 For operation, May to Novem- 

Concessions and privileges 1,500,000 ber, 1893 1,550,000 

Salvage 1,000,000 — 

Interest on deposits 27,035 Total $17,825,453 

Total $23,155,035 

The President of the Directory stated at the time that the estimate was considered 
very conservative as far as relates to the resources. It is the belief that the estimate on 
gate receipts is too small by at least $3,000,000. However that may be, the showing indi- 
cates that the financial prospects of the enterprise are far from discouraging. Since that 
estimate was made it is apparent that fully $3,000,000 more than indicated will be available 
from stock subscriptions. On the other hand, it is quite certain that one or two millions- 
additional will be expended upon the buildings and grounds. 

The Committee on Grounds and Buildings, in their annual report, submitted the fol- 
lowing estimates for the completion of the necessary buildings, machinery, decorations, 
administration and maintenance up to the date fixed for opening the Exposition : 

Buildings $ 7,295,000 

Grading and Filling 450,400 

Landscape 323, 490 

Viaducts and Bridge 125,000 

Piers 70,000 

Waterway Improvements 225,000 

Water Supply and Sewerage 600,000 

Railwavs 500,000 

Steam Plant 800,000 

Electricity 1,500,000 

Statuary 'on Buildings 100,000 

Vases, Lamps and Posts 50,000 

Fuel and Light during Construction 20,000 

Searings 8,000 



$12,066,890 
Appropriated for Purposes of the Congress Auxiliary. .$ 200,000 
Landscape Gardening, Viaducts, Fountains, etc., on 

Lake Front 200,000 

General Expenses of Construction Department 500,000 

$12,966,890 

Bearing upon the very important question of Exposition finances, the following, taken 
from the official records of the World's Columbian Commission, will be of interest: 

Chicago, III., Sept. 2, 1891. 
HON. T. W. Palmer, President World's Columbian Commission: 

Dear Sir : In the light of the progress and development already made in the work of 
preparation, the plan and scope of the Exposition, as defined by the very adequate and 
comprehensive system of classification adopted by the National Commission, in pursuance 
of the powers conferred on that body by the Act of Congress, has so grown upon the Direc- 
tors of the World's Columbian Exposition as to render it now apparent that a much larger 
outlay will be absolutely needed to accommodate the logical demands thereof than was 
originally contemplated, so that some method ought to be devised and adopted to supple- 
ment the fund already provided and assured. The World's Columbian Exposition has fully 
complied with the duty it assumed, under the Act of Congress, in providing and furnish- 
ing a most admirable site and raising and providing $10,000,000 to be expended for the pur- 
poses of the Exposition. 

Considering as well the international as the national character of the Exposition, the 
event it is intended to commemorate, and the growth and development of a great nation 

6 



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J. Van Imvagen, Pres't 
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202 to 208 South Water Street 



Chicago 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 1893. 



which it is designed to exemplify, as well as the fact that the faith and credit of the Gov 
eminent are measurably involved in making it all that an enlightened and patriotic people 
desire it to be, it would seem just and proper that an appeal should be made to Congress 
for a loan of the additional money required, and that such appeal would not be made 
in vain. 

To complete the work of the preparation of the grounds and the construction of build- 
ings comfortably to the requirements of the said plan and scope, and for the defrayal of all 
expenses incidental thereto, up to the time of opening the Exposition, the sum of $5,000,000, 
beyond the fund already provided, will be absolutely required. 

The situation has been fully considered by the Directors of the World's Columbian 
Exposition, and it is their unanimous judgment that the Congress of the United States 
should be asked to enact a law providing for the loan of said last-mentioned sum to the 
World's Columbian Exposition, to be fully repaid by it out of the receipts of the Exposi- 
tion, which shall be expressly pledged as a security therefor ; and I am directed by the 
said directors to make this communication to the World's Columbian Commission, and ask 
the earnest co-operation of that body in this behalf. 

Will you please submit this communication to the National Commission, at its present 
session, for such action in the premises as may be deemed appropriate and advisable. 

Very respectfully yours, 

Wm. T. Baker, President. 

In pursuance with this request from the President of the World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion, the following Report of the Judiciary Committee of the National Commission was 
adopted September 4, 1891, by the Commission. 

Whereas, The Executive Committee of the Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- 
sition ( which Committee is invested with and may lawfully exercise all the powers of the 
full Board when not in session) on the second day of September, 1891, adopted a resolution 
declaring the purpose of that corporation to apply to the Congress of the United States, at 
its next session, for a loan to said corporation of $5,000,000, which sum has been determined 
by that body to be absolutely necessary to complete the work of preparations of grounds 
and construction of buildings, said loan to be secured and paid in such manner as shall be 
satisfactory to Congress ; and 

Whereas, The duty and responsibility of furnishing and providing a suitable site and 
grounds and buildings adequate to the purposes of the Exposition, devolves upon the 
World's Columbian Exposition originally, subject, however, to the right of acceptance of 
the same by the National Commission ; and 

Whereas, From the said resolution, and the communication of the President of that 
corporation transmitting the same to the Commission, it is apparent that the Directors 
have determined of their own motion and after careful and scrupulous investigation and 
estimate, that the said sum is absolutely necessary to be provided, in addition to the sum 
of $10,000,000 contemplated by the Act of Congress to be raised and furnished by the 
World's Columbian Exposition, and for which it has already made ample provision in full 
discharge of the duty in that behalf imposed upon it by the said Act ; and 

Whereas, By the said resolution, as well as official communications from Hon. Wm. 
T. Baker, President of the said corporation, the earnest co-operation of the National Com- 
mission has been requested in aid of the said loan to the World's Columbian Exposition, so 
as aforesaid determined upon, in such manner as said National Commission shall consider 
most advantageous to secure the results desired ; therefore 

Resolved,, That the World's Columbian Commission hereby expresses its purpose earnestly 
and heartily to co-operate with the World's Columbian Exposition in aid and furtherance 
of a loan of $5,000,000 to the last named corporation, to be secured in such mode and repaid 
in such manner as shall be satisfactory to the Congress of the United States ; and this 
Commission, in view of the existing necessity therefor as ascertained by the Directors of 
said corporation, respectfully recommends to Congress the enactment of appropriate legis- 
lation in this behalf, upon the application of said corporation. 

Resolved further. That a certified copy of this resolution be transmitted to the Presi- 
dent of the World's Columbian Exposition, and a like copy to the standing committee on 
Federal Legislation of this body, when appointed. 

Since this action was taken the plan of approaching Congress has been changed so 
that instead of asking for a loan of five millions, Congress will be urged to appropriate the 
amount from the United States Treasury. The same good reason given for the loan will 
apply for the appropriation as well, and as the popular sentiment throughout the United 
States demands that the Government should give its financial support to the Exposition, 
which sentiment is being encouraged by many members of Congress, there seems to be no 
doubt but that the appropriation asked for will be granted. 

The following report and recommendations of the Finance Committee were unani- 
mously adopted by the Exposition Directory December 11, 1891: 

7 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 1893. 



Your Finance Committee has carefully considered the matter of financial policy in 
order to meet the requirements of the estimates submitted at the last meeting of this 
board, and after thorough investigation and consultation with many of our leading share- 
holders and citizens, submit the following: 

Your committee does not believe it is wise to ask for a loan from Congress, but recom- 
mends that proper efforts be made to secure an appropriation of $5,000,000, to be repaid on 
the same basis that the City of Chicago will receive funds from the results of the Exposi- 
tion for the aid granted by the city. 

The reasons for this conclusion are : First — That it is reasonable to expect the Gov- 
ernment of the United States to furnish aid to the extent of $5,000,0U0 for the Exposition, 
which was created by an act of Congress, since nearly $11,000,000, or more than the amount 
called for by the act, has been provided by the people of Chicago, and that this National 
assistance should be granted on the same basis. 

Second — Inasmuch as the enlarged scope of the Exposition calls for about $18,000,000 
from this corporation before the opening of the Exposition, in May, 1893, it would seem 
unwise to exhaust our credit and resources in borrowing of the National Government, so as 
to render it more difficult to obtain in Chicago the additional amount required. 

Third, We believe that the power of Congress to make such appropriation is not as 
likely to be called into question as its power to loan the amount desired, and that the prob- 
ability of success is as great in making the application in the form above suggested, as well 
as being more consistent with the dignity of the undertaking and of its relations to the 
National Government. 

Fourth, The above policy is encouraged and endorsed by nearly all of the shareholders 
and citizens with whom your committee has communicated, as is evidenced by the accom- 
panying communication addressed to your board. 

We therefore recommend that a memorial, in accordance with the above report, be 
prepared and submitted to Congress, and that proper steps be taken to foward the desired 
legislation. 

Ferd. W. Peck, ) 

Lyman J. Gage, ( Finance Committee 

J. J. P. Odell, f World's Columbian Exposition. 

E. G. Keith, ' 

Construction. — The recent report of the Grounds and Building Committee, of the 
Exposition Board of Directors, indicates a most encouraging condition in the important 
work of constructing the buildings and preparing the grounds in readiness for the dedica- 
tion ceremonies in October, 1892. The following extracts from this report will give the 
reader a complete idea of the enormous amount of work being done in this direction. 

" It was difficult to determine the amount of space to be allowed to each building. The 
Committee on Classification of the Commission had made no estimates of the amount of 
space required in each, and your Committee, working with the Construction Department 
and the Board of Architects, and with the best light obtainable from the experience of 
previous expositions, finally made the arrangement which appears to be satisfactory for all 
practical purposes." 

" There will be a grand fountain, 150 feet in diameter, which will close the basin in the 
center of the great court, which ends just in front of the Administration Building. The 
evidences already shown lead to the belief that the sculptural work will be of the highest 
grade of excellence." 

" The buildings of the States of the Union are to be located in the north end of the Park, 
and many States have already officially applied, and have notified us that they would build 
structures of such elegance as will do credit to the Exposition." 

"The Buildings of Foreign Governments are to be located between those of the Fed- 
eral States and that of the United States." 

Many applications have been made for locations for buildings by private parties, com- 
panies and syndicates. As a general policy it has been deemed wise to place those exhibits 
showing the manners and customs of people in Midway Plaisance. Among the displays 
already proposed are a Bazaar of all Nations, a Street in Cairo, an Indian Village, and 
other similar representations of life and manners in foreign countries. 

" Dredging and grading were begun in February, 1891, and are practically completed. 
There has been moved, up to date, 900,000 cubic yards of earth." 

"There have been laid about ten miles of railroad for construction purposes. It is 
proposed to bring two or more lines of railroad into Jackson Park for the transportation of 
passengers. Negotiations are pending, but not complete, as to one of these methods; the 
other is through Midway Plaisance and down the east side of the Park, and this is now in 
the possession of the Exposition. Arrangements for a passenger depot inside of the Park 

8 




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C. W. BREGA, Prest. C. E. W. SYER,Vice-Prest. 

A. W. BEIDLER, Sec'y and Treas. 



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THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 1893. 



are not jet determined. The location of railroad tracks for installation purposes has been 
carefully considered, and a plan prepared which will enable exhibitors to place their goods 
in close proximity to the point of installation." 

" In landscape work, the placing- of aquatic plants, the grading of the island with black 
soil, etc., is practically completed, and the propagating and transplanting at the nursery 
is progressing satisfactorily." 

" A conti-act has been made with the City of Chicago, by which the city agrees to build 
pumping works, to be paid for by the Exposition, but for which the city will reimburse 
the Exposition after its close, to the extent of $200,000. A complete system of water sup- 
ply has been laid out and 7,859 feet of pipe have already been laid, and the rest is being 
contracted for." 

"A complete system of sewerage has been worked out and will soon be contracted for." 

" The present stage of the work in Jackson Park shows much greater progress than 
was promised by your Committee or expected by you when the plans were adopted, and we 
have no reason to' doubt that all will be completed within the required time." 

"The scope of the Exposition has grown upon your Committee as the work has pro- 
gressed. It has appeared to us that the preliminary estimates of the cost of the work are 
entirely inadequate to such an exposition as the people of the United States expect to be 
produced under national auspices. The classification comprises exhibits on an enormous 
scale in departments that have heretofore either been ignored or lightly treated in great 
expositions, or made the subject of special expositions at great expense." 

"At the Exposition in 1893 all branches of human industry will be included on a com- 
plete and comprehensive scale. This requires that each department should have for its 
installation a building and grounds such as has been pi'eviously considered unnecessary 
or impossible in great expositions. The area embodied in the Exposition grounds will be 
nearly three times that of the greatest exposition heretofore held. The separate depart- 
ments of Agriculture, Electricity, Mines and Mining, Horticulture and Transportation, 
especially, will each be developed on a scale that has not been previously produced even 
where they have been made the subjects of special expositions." 

" The great dimensions of the Exposition are not due to any extravagant ideas of your 
Committee, but are forced upon us by the comprehensiveness of the ' plan and scope ' set 
forth in the classification adopted by the Commission as authorized by Act of Congress. 
Your Committee, however, heartily concurs with the Commission that in the presentation 
of the Exposition all features, whether relating to the comprehensive display of exhibits, 
the beauty of the grounds, the style of the buildings, conveniences for visitors, facilities 
for transportation, decorations or general beauty, must, in order to keep pace with Ameri- 
can progress and enterprise, be in advance of any of its predecessors, and the honor and 
dignity of the people of the United States demand that all these conditions should be fully 
met. To do this, expenditures on a larger scale than was originally estimated are neces- 
sary — are indeed absolutely indispensable." 

Awards. — On this important question the following is a record of the action of the 
World's Columbian Commission : 

REPORT OF SUB-COMMITTEE ON AWARDS. 

Chicago, September 3, 1891. 
To the World's Columbian Commission. 

Gentlemen: In the report of your Judiciary Committee made September 15, 1890, 
upon the question of the rights, duties and powers of the commission under the act of 
Congress, was named, among the "original and exclusive powers of the commission," the 
power "to appoint judges and examiners for the Exposition, and to award all premiums." 

At a meeting of the Executive Committee, held in Chicago, October 18, 1890, the fol- 
lowing resolution was adopted: 

Resolved, That a committee of four be appointed to confer with a like committee from 
the Exposition Directory to recommend to this committee, and to the Exposition Directory, 
whether awards shall be granted, and what character of awards shall be made, if any. 

Subsequently President Palmer appointed as said committee Commissioners Smalley, 
Thatcher, King and Britton, who, with a like committee of the Exposition Directory, held 
several meetings, calling in for counsel Prof. Goode, of the Smithsonian Institute. The 
following summary of recommendations was unanimously adopted: 

1. " That there should be awards." 

2. " That awards shall be granted upon specific points of excellence or advancement^ 
formulated in words by a Board of Judges or Examiners, who shall be competent experts; 
and the evidence of these awards shall be parchment certificates, accompanied by bronze 
medals." 



COMFORT. CONVENIENCE AND PLEASURE OF VISITORS. 

3. " That there shall he but one class or kind of medal; that they should be made of 
bronze; that they should be works of art, and selected from competitive tests by the Com- 
mittee on Fine Arts of the Commission, or the joint committees on Fine Arts of the Com- 
mission and the Local Directory, if that shall seem most desirable." 

4. " The awards and the appointment of alL judges and examiners for the Exposition, 
by the express terms of the sixth section of the act of Congress approved April 25, 1890, 
fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the commission. It is not, however, so clear 
whether the certificates or medals should be furnished by the commission or the local 
directory. It is, in the opinion of the committee, eminently befitting that the Government 
should furnish these, especially in the case of foreign exhibits; but there does not appear 
to be provision made therefor in the existing appropriation of Congress." 

The foregoing recommendations were adopted by the commission (see page 266 of the 
records of the commission), and the committee '"continued for such further and additional 
work in connection with awards as may hereafter seem to be necessary." 

At the meeting of the Executive Committee, held September 1. 1891, it was deemed 
advisable, in view of the large and delicate responsibility devolving upon the National 
Commission in regard to the selection of such Boards of Awards as are contemplated by 
the act of Congress, to appoint the undersigned sub-committee of three to prepare and 
report to the commission, at its present session, a suitable recommendation for the ap- 
pointment of a committee to have charge of the subject of awards, and who shall, in con- 
nection with the Director General, select and appoint the Board of Judges, subject to 
approval of the commission; said judges to be selected for their known qualifications and 
character, being experts in the departments to which they are respectively assigned. 

To this end your committee recommend: 

1. That such Committee of Awards be appointed by the President, to consist of eight 
Commissioners. 

2. That this committee be empowered to employ a secretary at a salary not to exceed 
$5,000 per annum, who is made an officer of the commission. 

3. That the Committee shall be authorized to meet at the call of the chairman. 

Respectfully submitted, 

Wm. F. King, ) 

M. L. McDonald, - Committee. 

B. B. Smalley, ) 

The above report was amended as follows, and adopted by the Commission September 
7, 1891:— 

Resolved, That the Committee on Awards shall consist of one from each of the standing 
committees relating to the twelve great departments of the Exposition. 

The following named Commissioners were appointed by the President as the permanent 
Committee on Awards: — 

B. B. Smalley, Vt. J. B. Thacher, N. Y. W. J. Sewell, N. J. A. B. Andrews. N. C. 
O. R. Hundley, Ala. A. T. Britton, D. C. T. L. Williams, Tenn. A. M. Cochran, Texas. 
W. F. King, la. M. L. McDonald, Cal. Lloyd Lowndes, Md. C. B. Hopkins, Wash. 



CHAPTER II. 

COMFORT, CONVENIENCE AND PLEASURE OF VISITORS. 

Department op Public Comfort. — This important department will be organized for 
the purpose of securing the comfort and welfare of the many strangers during the Fair. 
Through this department visitors will be able to arrange for comfortable and reasonably- 
priced accommodation while in the city. They will be protected and cared for in a most 
satisfactory manner, and in placing themselves under its protection will have no occasion to 
complain of the arrangements, but, on the contrary, will be made to feel that Chicago's 
hospitality is truly expansive. The Department of Public Comfort, will, at all times, have 
under its control a large list of comfortable hotels, boarding-houses and homes to which 
can bo assigned the strangers at rates agreed upon, and which those desiring to take advan- 
tage of this arrangement can feel will be reasonable and moderate. Great inconvenience 
can be avoided in this way. This department will have representatives at all railway 
depots, also branch offices at convenient and centrally located business sections of the city. 
By these means the stranger will be enabled to make satisfactory arrangements immedi- 

10 



Andrew Dunning 

Real Estate Investments 

92 LA SALLE STREET 

Suite 23 <m<mCHICAGO, ILL. 

Specialties 

Acre Tracts in Northwest sections of Chicago, and 
inside business properties paying" fixed income on 
gold basis. 

If you desire acre tracts for sub-division or in- 
vestment purposes, write for new list and for informa- 
tion as to the reasons why the northwest sections 
are now taking the lead in activity and in assurance 
of profit to the investor. 



Mr. Dunning absolutely and exclusively controls every 
tract he offers for sale, and can offer inducements to 
brokers as well as investors. 



COMFORT, CONVENIENCE AND PLEASURE OF VISITORS. 

ately on arrival. An efficient corps of employes will always be on hand to impart inform- 
ation of every nature essential to the guidance of the non-resident. 

Police and Fire Protection. — The Exposition management fully appreciates the 
necessity for protecting the interests of the visitor and exhibitor. 

A large, well organized and disciplined force of police will be constantly on duty to 
attend to everything pertaining to the welfare and protection of the enormous crowds 
which will daily be present. The average daily attendance will probably reach not less 
than 150,000 people, and on many days this number will be more than doubled. It will 
thus be seen that great necessity exists for a perfect organization of police, and the people 
may rest assured that such a force will be provided, and their interests effectually guarded. 

The buildings and valuable property of exhibitors will be thoroughly protected by a 
fire department of the highest standard of efficiency. Batallions of firemen, with every 
modern appliance of machinery, will be located in various parts of the grounds. This 
for^e will be on duty day and night. A perfect system of electric signals for use in case 
of fire will be responded to by these trained men with that alacrity which has made Chi- 
cago famous for having the best fire department in the world. This responsibility will be 
great, and as so much depends on the fire department of the Fair, it is certain that no 
neglect will be permitted to make the organization complete in every detail. 

Department of Admissions. — This department will have charge of all matters per- 
taining to the control of tickets of admission to the grounds, and in its work will be 
embraced one of the most important branches of the Exposition, as on its successful man- 
agement depends, in a great measure, the entire admission revenue of the Fair. The 
Department of Admissions will be organized as soon as necessary to prepare its work prior 
to the opening of the Exposition. 

Concessions and Privileges. — The subject of Concessions and Privileges is con- 
trolled by the Ways and Means Committee of the World's Columbian Exposition. All 
applicants for special grants, under this head, must apply to that committee. It will be 
noted under the heading " Exposition Finances," that the estimated revenue to come from 
Concessions and Privileges is $1,500,000. It will thus be seen that the work of this com- 
mittee is of great importance to the financial interests of the Fair. 

Demands for Space. — Large as the area for the forthcoming Exposition undoubtedly 
is, it will require the greatest circumspection on the part of those entrusted with the allot- 
ment of space to make it adequate for the large mass of exhibitors who are preparing to 
display their varied resources. Already the demand is so great that the management has 
found it necessary to arrange for the construction of a number of annexes in addition to the 
vast areas originally planned in the main buildings. This condition gives assurance of a 
larger number of exibits than at any previous World's Fair. The number of applications 
is increasing daily, and by the time the allotment of space is begun, which will probably be 
about July or August, 1892, there is no doubt but that every foot of every kind of available 
space will be more than covered by the demand from exhibitors. This fact alone assures 
the success of the Fair. 

Medical Bureau. — This Bureau will be in charge of an eminent Physician, assisted 
by an able corps of assistants and trained nurses. Hospitals will be located at several 
points on the grounds. In case of sickness or accident the ambulance corps will be called 
to convey the sick or injured to the nearest hospital, where everything necessary for their 
immediate comfort and relief will be provided. This service is intended for emergencies 
requiring immediate attention. No sick people will be cared for over night, as it is 
expected, in case of necessity, arrangements will be made outside of the grounds by the 
patients, or by their friends. 

Transportation. — As before stated, the Exposition will be located within easy dis- 
tance of the center of the business portion of Chicago, and accessible by means of the most 
complete transportation facilities. 

All public passenger railways, whether steam, cable, electric or horse, as well the 
great number of steamboats on Lake Michigan, will deliver passengers conveniently near 
the numerous entrances to the grounds. With these unlimited facilities it is estimated 

11 



COMFORT, CONVENIENCE AND PLEASURE OF VISITORS. 

that more than one hundred thousand people per hour can be carried to and from the 
grounds. It is possible that arrangements may be made for the steam railways to enter 
the grounds at the southwest corner, in which case passengers will be landed near the 
Administration Building, from which place an intramural railroad will convey them to all 
parts of the grounds, making it easy to go from one point to another without walking. 
The distances on the grounds are so great that visitors will find this arrangement to be a 
great source of convenience and comfort. Other means of transit will also be provided 
inside of the grounds. One of these, and in fact the most attractive of all, will be the 
means of water transit through the lagoons, canal and basin. The waterways inside the 
grounds cover an area of about eighty-five acres. Here will be provided boats, launches 
and small craft of all kinds. One can board these boats and travel a distance of nearly 
three miles, passing on the route all of the principal buildings and points of attraction. 
It will be one of the grandest sights in the world, and one to leave an everlasting impression 
on the minds of those who view it. No visitor at the Fair should fail to take this short 
voyage. It will be a panorama of beautiful architecture, landscape effects, floral designs, 
statuary, fountains, etc., such as has never before been witnessed by human eye. 

Music at the Fair. — Among the most attractive and entertaining features of the 
Exposition will be the great Music Hall and its attractions. On the shore of Lake Michi- 
gan, at the end of the basin, is to be erected a beautiful building to be used exclusively for 
musical entertainments, taking the form of concerts and festivals, and producing the grand- 
est works of the great composers. This building will be beautifully designed and will be 
located in one of the most pleasing parts of the grounds, surrounded by flowers, shrub- 
bery, trees and artistic garden effects, it will be a gem of beauty and delight to the weary 
visitor, who, after a toilsome day of journeying through the great Exposition buildings, 
will gladly find a place of rest and entertainment in this resort. The hall within this 
building will be arranged on the most artistic and scientific principles, with a view to com- 
fort and to securing the perfect accoustic effects necessary to the enjoyment of the large 
audiences who will daily gather here. The musical programs will be of the highest stand- 
ard, and in their production will certainly take rank with the greatest musical occasions 
in the history of the divine art. The celebrated artists ef the world will be gathered 
together here to make these daily entertainments complete. Great choruses are now being 
drilled and instructed in the works that will be produced. This work of preparation will 
continue assiduously until the opening of the Fair. The orchestra is to be chosen from the 
list of the finest artists in America. As a guarantee that the musical plans of the Exposi- 
tion will be carried out on a grand and most complete scale, it is only necessary to say that 
the greatest of all American orchestral and choral directors, viz., Theodore Thomas and 
Wm. L. Tomlins, have charge of the work. The management of the Exposition, recogniz- 
ing the importance of making the musical features of the Fair one of its leading attrac- 
tions, has employed these gentlemen to take full control of all arrangements, and has pro- 
vided ample funds and given them carte blanche to do everything necessary to make the 
World's Fair of 1893, in this respect, the greatest event in the history of music. In addi- 
tion to these arrangements there will also be an opportunity to listen to the most famous 
military bands of the world. Many of the foreign governments propose to send their 
geatest band organizations; these, with the noted bands of the United States, will furnish 
such a quality of military music as has never been heard before. These arrangements for 
the pleasure of the visitors will be a source of enjoyment and do much to make the World's 
Columbian Exposition even greater as the historical event of the nineteenth century. 

Electric Lights and Spectacular Effects.— Some fifty separate contracts are to 
be let for the electric lighting of the Exposition buildings and grounds. In all there will bo 
used, according to present plans, approximately 127,000 electric lamps, of which 7,000 
will be arc. of 2.000-candle power each, and 120,000 incandescent sixteen-eandle power lamps. 
To run the plant 22,000-horse power will be required. By the awarding of separate con- 
tracts for the lighting of each of the br, dings and of different sections of the grounds, all 
electric firms, whether large or small, have an opportunity to participate and to show 
what they can do, and at the same time a variety in illuminations will bo effected. In the 

12 



TO MANUFACTURERS 



Tfie Standard Oil Company's Town of Wfiitings, Indiana 

TWO MILES FROM THE EASTERN LIMITS OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO 




The undersigned will make Unusually Liberal Terms with manufacturers at this remarkably 
favored place. Splendid Sites for Manufacturing Purposes on the banks of Lake Michigan. 

Three of the leading Eastern lines of Railroads from Chicago pass through it; and the Chicago 
and Calumet Terminal Railway connects there with them. 

FOR CHEAP FUEL AND RAILWAY CONNECTIONS IT STANDS UNRIVALED. 

Commands a never-failing supply of water from Lake Michigan. Fine sites on the lines of Four 
Railroads for manufacturing purposes at and near the rapidly growing town of Whitings. Two 
subdivisions laid out in lots. 

apply to JACOB FORSYTH 

- »Q5 Rookery, CHICAGO 



COMFORT, CONVENIENCE AND PLEASURE OF VISITORS. 

great Manufactures Building alone there will be 33,000 lights. The plans prepared by the 
electrical experts call for ten times the capacity of all the plants used at the Paris Exposi- 
tion. The World's Fair Directors will spend $1,000,000 and perhaps more for these elec- 
tric plants. Exhibitors will not be required to pay anything for light, except in cases 
where they call for more lamps than are furnished by the construction department. In 
that event they will be furnished additional lamps at actual cost. Electric power will be 
conveyed over the grounds in a system of tunnels. Some of the wires will, however, be 
hung from the structure of the elevated railroad. 

Perhaps the general public is looking forward to the electrical exhibition with more 
interest and with a keener anticipation than to any other single feature of the great cele- 
bration. Some attractions are in course of preparation, moreover, which will fully justify 
this interest, and which will more than satisfy the acutest expectation. Of course an 
aggregation of 7,000 arc lamps of 2,000-candle power each, and 120,000 incandescent lamps 
of sixteen-candle power each, distributed about the grounds and buildings, will be a 
greater demonstration by far than has ever been made before, but this is only the business 
feature of the electrical exhibition, and will be witnessed by visitors as one of the essen- 
tials of such an Exposition. 

The special features in this direction, however, will be the spectacular and artistic 
lighting, the fantastic effects and pyrotechnic displays. Each building is to have on the 
outside some characteristic lighting effects, unique figures in light, colored and otherwise. 
The lagoons will be literally sparkling at night with tiny colored lights in fantastic 
designs. Lamps under the water, hidden among flowers and buried under translucent 
water-plants will be verily ignes fatuus whose hiding places and character cannot be easily 
guessed. Oriental designs fitted for lighting and the most unique figures will be sent for 
exhibition from Europe; Chinese dragons, winged horses, sea serpents, aerial, land and 
marine monsters of all kinds will be placed, each in its proper sphere, and fitted for gro- 
tesque lighting, the circuits to be under control from some distant point. 

Yet more unique, and certainly more instructive, will be the pyrotechnic displays which 
are to be a part of the regular program of the Entertainment Committee. Figures 
representing the discovery of America, the ships of Columbus in electrically lighted out- 
lines are being prepared, the landing of the pilgrims, John Alden and Priscilla, Washing- 
ton crossing the Delaware, signing the Declaration of Independence, the surrender of 
Yorktown, the defense of New Orleans by General Jackson, Perry's battle on Lake Erie, 
some incident of the war with Mexico, an incident or two in heroics of the late civil war, 
and, finally, an allegorical figure in lighted outlines of America in 1893, and Chicago as 
pre-eminently her representative city. 

A veritable carnival will be held in October, 1892, during the three days of the dedica- 
tion ceremonies, when electricity will be king. Of all the great allegorical floats which 
will participate in the formal parade electricity will play an important part, as at least 
two of them will be devoted to that specialty, and unquestionably to many of the others it 
will lend a helping hand for purposes of art. 

Restaurants. — According to pi'esent plans fully 150 restaurants and cafes will be in 
operation in the various buildings and about the grounds. These will be conveniently 
distributed and will have an estimated seating capacity of 60,000 to 80,000 people. 

Prospectus of Dedication Ceremonies. — The Exposition buildings, as required by 
act of Congress, will be dedicated "with appropriate ceremonies" October 12, 1892, the 
400th anniversary of the discovei-y of America by Columbus. The exercises will occupy 
three days, beginning the 11th and closing the 13th with a grand dedication ball. The 
committee having the matter in charge has planned to make the ceremonies most impress- 
ive in character. Something like $300,000 will be spent to secure this end. The President 
of the United States and his Cabinet, the Senate and House of Representatives, the Gov- 
ernors of the several States with their staffs, and the representatives of all foreign nations 
will be invited to be present. The mobilization of 10,000 militia and several thousand reg- 
ulars is planned, as is also an imposing civic and industrial display. In the evenings there 
will be magnificent displays of fireworks, and in the Park waterways a pageant of symbolical 

13 



COMPORT, CONVENIENCE AND PLEASURE OF VISITORS. 

floats repi-esenting the " Procession of the Centuries.*' In the dedicatory exercises on the 
12th the completed buildings will be tendered by the President of the Exposition to the 
National Commission President T. W. Palmer will accept them on behalf of that body 
and will at once present them to the President of the United States, who will fittingly 
respond. The dedicatory oration will follow. Much attention is being given to the musi- 
cal portion of the program. This will include a dedicatoiy ode and orchestra marches writ- 
ten for the occasion. These and other numbers, including '•America " and '"Star Spangled 
Banner," will be rendered with full choral and orchestral accompaniment. 

Grand, indeed, will be the display of fireworks when the World's Fair Buildings are 
dedicated next October. It is intended that the people who visit Chicago to witness the 
dedication of the buildings shall see a sight, in the way of fireworks, which, for grandeur, 
has not previously been equaled. 

Forty pieces of fireworks have been decided upon, and already the castings for the 
framework of some of them are being made in London. The displays will be given on the 
nights of October 11th, 12th and 13th, and for something over two hours each night may 
be witnessed what will be a dazzling exhibit of fiery figures, exploding bombs and shooting 
stars. The program each evening will be opened with a salute of 100 bombs fired from 
iron mortars. After reaching a height of 100 feet these bombs will explode with a terrific 
detonation. Then will follow a magical illumination of the canals, lagoons, and the foliage 
of the wooded island. To accomplish this there will be one instantaneous flash of 500 pris- 
matic lights. Electricity will be used to touch them off, and spectators will find themselves 
in the midst of a blaze of blinding light which will disappear almost as quickly as it was 
produced. Meanwhile a panoramic view of the island, lagoons and canals may be had. 

These are to be the preliminary features of the program. Then will follow forty 
numbers, among which will be some that are gigantic. The largest of all will be a repre- 
sentation of Niagara Falls, including both the American and Horseshoe Falls. This piece 
will be 1,000 feet long and 100 feet high. It will extend over a space nearly three blocks 
in extent. Niagara Falls on a small scale has been previously represented, but not in the 
way it is to be done next October. 

Another piece will be the flight of 500 four-pound rockets, and there will be given an 
ascent of ten gas balloons. Each balloon will carry a magazine of rockets. Its ascent, 
however, will be marked by the burning of the most powerful magnesium light known. 
After a certain height has been reached the magazine will take fire, and a loud explosion, 
followed by a myriad of stars, will take place. Then there are to be 50 four-pound rockets, 
each containing a representation of the Pleiades. One portion of the program will be the 
explosion of 5.000 rockets at one time. The greatest number ever previously exploded 
instantaneously is said to be 1,000. There will be three flights of 100 shells, each twenty- 
four inches in diameter, and their explosion will create gold and silver stars. 

One of the numbers — never before attempted — will be a fiery wheel eighty-four feet in 
diameter. This is to be a prize production. In the designs to be represented Queen Isa- 
bella will not be foi'gotten. A bunch of roses 40 by 50 will be shown in fire, and the flow- 
ers, after burning a few moments, will gradually dissolve and in their stead will appear 
the portrait of Queen Isabella. 

Several building effects will also be produced. A Temple of Fame 300 feet long and 
75 feet high will flash out in the sky and burn for several minutes. The Capitol at Wash- 
ington, and other big pieces 400 feet long and 90 feet high, will be shown. Mammoth por- 
1 raits of Washington, Lincoln and Harrison will glow in burning lines. A Chinese pagoda 
200 feet long and 70 feet high will suddenly appear. One of the feats of pyrotechnic skill will 
be a representation of the United States flag. It will be formed wholly in the air by the 
precise shooting of rockets. First of all clouds of smoke will be blown upward to form the 
blue field for the stars, which will be shot from forty-four mortars. From other mortars 
will be flights of red and white ribbons of light to make the stripes. 

An aerial piece of peculiar interest will be a prismatic fountain 75 feet high. 

There are a number of other designs of interest, one of them being produced by 3.000 
pieces of fireworks, which will represent about the canals and lagoons all kinds of fish. 

14 



D. L. LIBBEY. President. 
oshkosh, wis. 



C. M. WILLIAMSON, Vice Prest. 

OSHKUSH, WIS. 



The lliulzi v\ Bakw Company, 




v 



mmmk 




^Fulton, Green w>- 
& Peoria Streets 



wmm 




R. B. FARSON, Sec'y and Treas. 
CHICAGO, 



WM. D. GIBSON, Pres't and Treas. ENOCH PETERSON, Supt. SILAS HOWE. Vice-Pres't and Sec'y. 




THE WM. D. GIBSON COMPANY 

Manufacturers of Superior Grades of Every Description of 

Uptiolstery Springs, Crucible Cast Steel Spiral Springs and Spring Wire 



Springs for Agricultural Machinery a Specialty 

office .nd f.ctory, 61-69 N. JEFFERSON STREET 



Chicago 



ORGANIZATION. 



CHAPTER III. 



ORGANIZATION. 

The World's Columbian Exposition was organized under the general statutes of the 
State of Illinois, upon the following application, which was filed with the Secretary of 
State on August 15, 1889. It states the name of the proposed corporation as "The World's 
Exposition of 1892,'' the object for its formation as " The holding of an International Exhi- 
tion or World's Fair in the City of Chicago and State of Illinois, to commemorate on its 
four hundredth anniversary the discovery of America. " The capital stock is $5,000,000, 
the amount of each share is $10, and the number of shares is 500,000; the location of the 
principal office at Chicago, Cook County, Illinois, and the duration of the corporation 
ninety-nine years. The license to open subscription books is dated August 14, 1889, and 
the entire amount of $5,000,000 was subscribed by March 23, 1890, on which date notices 
were issued for a meeting of the subscribers, to be held in Battery D, in the City of Chi- 
cago,* 111., on April 4, 1890, at 10 o'clock a. m. 

The following named gentlemen constitute the present Board of Directors of the 
World's Columbian Exposition: 



H. N. Higinbotham. 

Chas. L. Hutchinson 

Egbert Jamieson. 

Elbridge G. Keith. 

Wm. D. Kerfoot. 

Wm. P. Ketcham. 

Milton W. Kirk. 

Marshall M. Kirkman. Edward P. Ripley. 

Edward P. Lawrence. A. M. Rothschild. 

Thies J. Lefens. Martin A. Ryerson. 

Andrew McNally. George W. Saul. 



Adolph Nathan. 
Robert Nelson. 
John J. P. Odell. 
Potter Palmer. 
Ferd. W. Peck. 
Paul O. Stensland. 
Alexander H. Revell. 



George Schneider. 
Charles H. Schwab. 
Henry B. Stone. 
Bernard E. Sunny. 
Charles H. Wacker. 
Edwin Walker. 
Robert A. Waller. 
Hemp. Washburne. 
John C. Welling. 
Frederick S.Winston. 
Charles T. Yerkes. 



William T. Baker. 
C. K. G. Billings. 
Thomas B. Bryan. 
Edward B. Butler. 
Isaac N. Camp. 
William J. Chalmers. 
Robert C. Clowry. 
George R. Davis. 
Jamea W. Ellsworth. 
Lyman J. Gage. 
George B. Harris. 
Franklin H. Head. 

THE ACT OF CONGRESS CREATING THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 

An act to provide for celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by 
Christopher Columbus by holding cm International Exhibition of arts, industries, manufact- 
ures and the product of the soil, mine and sea, in the City of Chicago, in the State of Illinois. 
Whereas, It is fit and appropriate that the four hundredth anniversary of the discov- 
ery of America be commemorated by an exhibition of the resources of the United States of 
America, their development, and of the progress of civilization in the New World; and 

Whereas, Such an exhibition should be of a national and international character, so 
that not only the people of our Union and this continent, but those of all nations as well, can 
participate, and should therefore have the sanction of the Congress of the United States; 
therefore, 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House cf Representatives of the United States of America in 
Congress assembled, That an Exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures and products of 
the soil, mine and sea, shall be inaugurated in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-two, 
in the City of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, as hereinafter provided. 

SEC. 2. That a commission, consisting of two Commissioners from each State and 
Territory of the United States and from the District of Columbia and eight Commissioners 
at large, is hereby constituted to be designated as the World's Columbian Commission. 

Sec. 3. That said Commissioners, two from each State and Territory, shall be ap- 
pointed within thirty days from the passage of this act by the President of the United 
States, on the nomination of the Governors of the States and Territories, respectively, and 
by the President eight Commissioners at largo and two from the District of Columbia; and 
in the same manner and within the same time there shall be appointed two alternate Com- 
missioners from each State and Territory of the United States and the District of Columbia 
and eight alternate Commissioners at large, who shall assume and perform the duties of 
such Commissioner or Commissioners as may be unable to attend the meetings of the said 
commission; and in such nominations and appointments each of the two leading political 

* At a special meeting of stockholders held June 12, 1890, the name of the corporation was changed to " The 
World's Columbian Exposition," and the capital stock increased to $10,000,000. 

15 



ORGANIZATION. 



parties shall be equally represented. Vacancies in the commission nominated by the 
Governors of the several States and Territories, respectively, and also vacancies in the 
commission at large and from the District of Columbia, may be tilled in the same manner 
and under the same conditions as provided herein for their original appointment. 

Sec. 4. That the Secretary of State of the United States shall, immediately after the 
passage of this act, notify the Governors of the several States and Territories, respectively, 
thereof and request such nominations to be made The Commissioners so appointed shall 
bo called together by the Secretary of State of the United States in the City of Chicago, 
by notice to the Commissioners, as soon as convenient after the appointment of said Com- 
missioners, and within thirty days thereafter. The said Commissioners, at said first meet- 
ing, shall organize by the election of such officers and the appointment of such committees 
as they may deem expedient, and for this purpose the Commissioners present at said meet- 
ing shall constitute a quorum. 

Sec. 5. That said commission be empowered in its discretion to accept for the pur- 
poses of the World's Columbian Exposition such site as may be selected and offered and 
such plans and specifications of buildings to be erected for such purpose at the expense of 
and tendered by the corporation organized under the laws of the State of Illinois, known 
as " The World's Exposition of eighteen hundred and ninety-two:" Provided. That said 
site so tendered and the buildings proposed to be erected thereon shall be deemed by said 
commission adequate to the purposes of said Exposition : And provided, That said com- 
mission shall be satisfied that the said corporation has an actual bona fide and valid sub- 
scription to its capital stock which will secure the payment of at least live millions of dol- 
lars, of which not less than five hundred thousand dollars shall have been paid in. and that 
the further sum of five million dollars, making in all ten million dollars, will be provided 
by said corporation in ample time for its needful use during the prosecution of the work 
for the complete preparation for said Exposition. 

SEC. 6. That the said commission shall allot space for exhibitors, prepare a classifica- 
tion of exhibits, determine the plan and scope of the Exposition, and shall appoint all 
judges and examiners for the Exposition, award all premiums, if any. and generally have 
charge of all intercourse with the exhibitors and the representatives of foreign nations. 
And said commission is authorized and required to appoint a Board of Lady Managers of 
such number and to perform such duties as may be prescribed by said commission. Said 
board may appoint one or more members of all committees authorized to award prizes for 
exhibits which may be produced in whole or in part by female labor. 

Sec. 7. That after the plans for said Exposition shall be prepared by said corporation 
and approved by said commission, the rules and regulations of said corporation governing 
rates for entrance and admission fees, or otherwise affecting the rights, privilege;-, or inter- 
ests of the exhibitors or of the public, shall be fixed or established by said corporation, sub- 
ject, however, to such modification, if any, as may be imposed by a majority of said Com- 
missioners. 

Sec. 8. That the President is hereby empowered and directed to hold a naval review 
in New York Harbor, in April, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, and to extend to foreign 
nations an invitation to send ships of war to join the United States Navy in rendezvous at 
Hampton Roads and proceed thence to said review. 

Sec. 9. That said commission shall provide for the dedication of the buildings of the 
World's Columbian Exposition in the said City of Chicago on the twelfth day of October, 
eighteen hundred and ninety-two, with appropriate ceremonies, and said Exposition shall 
be open to visitors not later than the first day of May, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, 
and shall be closed at such time as the commission may determine, but not later than the 
thirtieth day of October thereafter. 

Sec. 10. That whenever the President of the United States shall be notified by the 
commission that provision has been made for grounds and buildings for the uses herein 
provided for, and there has also been filed with him by the said corporation, known as 
"The World's Exposition of eighteen hundred and ninety-two," satisfactory proof that a 
sum not less than ten million dollars, to be used and expended for the purposes of the Expo- 
sition herein authorized, has in fact been raised or provided for by subscription or other 
legally binding means, he shall be authorized, through the Department of State, to make 
proclamation of the same, setting forth the time at which the Exposition will open and 
close, and the place at which it will be held ; and he shall communicate to the diplomatic 
representatives of foreign nations copies of the same, together with such regulations as 
may be adopted by the commission, for publication in their respective countries, and he 
shall, in behalf of the Government and people, invite foreign nations to take part in the 
said Exposition and appoint representatives thereto. 

Sec. 11. That all articles which shall be imported from foreign countries for the sole 
purpose of exhibition at said Exposition, upon which there shall be a tariff or customs 
duty, shall be admitted free of payment of duty, customs fees or charges, under such regu- 
lations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe : but it shall be lawful at any time 
during the exhibition to sell for delivery at the close of the Exposition any goods or prop- 
erty imported for and actually on exhibition in the Exposition buildings or on its grounds, 

16 





T. W. PALMER, PRESIDENT WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION— Page 25. 



ORGANIZATION. 



subject to such regulations for the security of the revenue and for the collection of the im- 
port duties as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe : Provided. That all such 
articles when sold or withdrawn for consumption in the United States will be subject to the 
duty, if any, imposed upon such articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of impor- 
tation, and all penalties prescribed by law shall be applied and enforced against such arti- 
cles, and against the persons who may be guilty of any illegal sale or withdrawal. 

Sec. 12. That the sum of twenty thousand dollars, or as much thereof as may be nec- 
essary, be, and the same is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys in the Treasury not 
otherwise appropriated, for the remainder of the present fiscal year and for the fiscal year 
ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one. to be expended under the direc- 
tion of the Secretary of the Treasury for purposes connected with the admission of foreign 
goods to said exhibition. 

Sec. 13. That it shall be the duty of the commission to make report from time to 
time to the President of the United States of the progress of the work, and, in a final re- 
port, present a full exhibit of the results of the Exposition. 

Sec. 14. That the commission hereby authorized shall exist no longer than until the 
first day of January, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight. 

SEC. 15. That the United States shall not in any manner, nor under any circum- 
stances, be liable for any of the acts, doings, proceedings or representations of the said cor- 
poration organized under the laws of the State of Illinois, its officers, agents, servants, or 
employes, or any of them, or for the service, salaries, labor or wages of said officers, 
agents, servants or employes, or any of them, or for any subscriptions to the capital stock, 
or for any certificates of stock, bonds, mortgages or obligations of any kind issued by said 
corporation, or for any debts, liabilities or expenses of any kind whatever attending such 
corporation or accruing by reason of the same. 

Sec. 16. That there shall be exhibited at said Exposition, by the Government of the 
United States, from its Executive Departments, the Smithsonian Institution, the United 
States Fish Commission and the National Museum, such articles and materials as illustrate 
the function and administrative faculty of the Government in time of peace and its resources 
as a war power, tending to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptation 
to the wants of the people ; and to secure a complete and harmonious arrangement of such 
a Government exhibit, a board shall be created to be charged with the selection, prepara- 
tion, arrangement, safe-keeping and exhibition of such articles and materials as the heads 
of the several departments and the directors of the Smithsonian Institution and National 
Museum may respectively decide shall be embraced in said Government exhibit. The 
President may also designate additional articles for exhibition. Such board shall be com- 
posed of one person to be named by the head of each Executive Department, and one by the 
directors of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum, and one by the Fish Com- 
mission, such selections to be approved by the President of the United States. The Presi- 
dent shall name the chairman of said board, and the board itself shall select such other 
officers as it may deem necessary. 

That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and directed to place on 
exhibition, upon such grounds as shall be alloted for the purpose, one of the life-saving 
stations authorized to be constructed on the coast of the United States by existing law, and 
to cause the same to be fully equipped with all apparatus, furniture, and appliances now in 
use in all life-saving stations in the United States, said building and apparatus to be 
removed at the close of the exhibition and re-erected at the place now authorized by law. 

Sec. 17. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause a suitable building or build- 
ings to be erected on the site selected for the World's Columbian Exposition for the Gov- 
ernment exhibits, as provided in this act, and he is hereby authorized and directed to con- 
tract therefor, in the same manner and under the same regulations as for other public 
buildings of the United States; but the contracts for said building or buildings shall not 
exceed the sum of four hundred thousand dollars, and for the remainder of the fiscal year 
and for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, there is 
hereby appropriated for said building or buildings, out of any money in the treasury not 
otherwise appropriated, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars. The Secretary of the 
Treasury shall cause the said building or buildings to be constructed as far as possible of 
iron, steel and glass, or of such other material as may be taken out and sold to the best 
advantage; and he is authorized and required to dispose of such building or buildings, or 
the material composing the same, at the close of the Exposition, giving preference to the 
City of Chicago, or to the said World's Exposition of eighteen hundred and ninety-two to 
purchase the same at an appraised value to be ascertained in such manner as he may 
determine. 

SEC. 18. That for the purpose of paying the expenses of transportation, care and cus- 
tody of exhibits by the Government and the maintenance of the building or buildings here- 
inbefore provided for, and the safe return of articles belonging to the said Government 
exhibit, and for the expenses of the commission created by this act, and other contingent 
expenses, to be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, upon itemized accounts and 
vouchers, there is hereby appropriated for the remainder of this fiscal year and for the 

17 



ORGANIZATION. 



fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, out of any money in 
the treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of two hundred thousand dollars, or so 
much thereof as may be necessary : Provided, That the United States shall not be liable, 
on account of the erection of buildings, expenses of the commission or any of its officers or 
employes, or on account of any expenses incident to or growing out of said Exposition, for 
a sum exceeding in the agregate one million five hundred thousand dollars. 

Sec. 19. That the Commissioners and alternate Commissioners appointed under this 
act shall not be entitled to any compensation for their set-vices out of the Treasury of the 
United States, except their actual expenses for transportation and the sum of six dollars 
per day for subsistence for each day they are necessarily absent from their homes on the 
business of said commission. The officers of said commission shall receive such compensa- 
tion as may be fixed by said commission, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the 
Treasury, which shall be paid out of the sums appropriated by Congress in aid of such 
Exposition. 

Sec. 20. That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to create any liability of the 
United States, direct or indirect, for any debt or obligation incurred, nor for any claim for 
aid or pecuniary assistance from Congress or the Treasury of the United States in support 
or liquidation of any debts or obligations created by said commission in excess of appropri- 
ations made by Congress therefor. 

Sec. 21. That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to override or interfere with 
the laws of any State, and all contracts made in any State for the purposes of the Exhibi- 
tion shall be subject to the laws thereof. 

Sec. 22. That no member of said commission, whether an officer or otherwise, shall be 
personally liable for any debt or obligation which may be created or incurred by the said 
commission. 

Approved, April 25, 1890. 

Under the provision of said act upon the nomination by the Governors of the States, 
Territories, and the District of Columbia, the President appointed two Commissioners to 
represent each State, Territory, and the District of Columbia ; and eight Commissioners 
from the country at large, to be constituted and designated as the World's Columbian 
•Commission, as follows : 



Commissioners at Large. 



Commissioners . 



Augustus G. Bullock, Worcester, Mass. 
Gorton W. Allen, Auburn, N. Y. 
Peter A. B. Widener, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Thomas W. Palmer, Detroit, Mich. 
R. W. Furnas, Brownville, Neb. 
William Lindsay, Frankfort, Ky. 
Henry Exall, Dallas, Tex. 
Mark L. McDonald, Santa Rosa, Cal. 



Alternates. 

Henry Ingalls, Wiscasset, Me. 
Louis Fitzgerald, New York, N. Y. 
John W. Ohalfant, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
James Oliver, South Bend, Ind. 
Hale G. Parker, St. Louis, Mo. 
Patrick Walsh, Augusta, Ga. 
H. C. King, San Antonio. Tex. 
Thomas Burke, Seattle, Wash. 



Commissioners of the District of Columbia. 



Commissioners. 

Alexander T. Britton, Washington. 
Albert A. Wilson, Washington. 



Alternates. 

E. Kurtz Johnson. Washington. 
Dorsey Clagett, Washington. 



Commissioners of the States. 



Alabama . . 
Arkansas . 
California 
Colorado. . 

Conn 

Delaware. 
Florida . . . 



Commissioners. 

Frederick G. Bromberg, Mobile. 
Oscar R. Hundley, Huntsville. 
John D. Adams, Little Rock. 
J. H. Clendening, Fort Smith. 
Michael H. de Young, San Francisco. 
William Forsyth, Fresno. 
Roswell E. Goodell, Leadville. 
Frederick J. V. Skiff, Denver. 
Leverett Brainard, Hartford. 
Thomas M. Waller, New London. 
George V. Massey, Dover. 
Willard Hall Porter, Wilmington. 
C. F. A. Bielby, De Land. 
Richard Turnbull, Monticello. 

18 



Alternates. 

Gotthold L. Werth, Montgomery. 
William S. Hull, Sheffield. 
J. T. W. Tillar, Little Rock. 
Thomas H. Leslie, Stuttgart. 
George Hazleton, San Francisco. 
Russ D. Stephens, Sacramento. 
Henry B. Gillespie, Aspen. 
O. C. French, New Windsor. 
Charles F. Brooker, Torrington. 
Charles R. Baldwin, Waterbury. 
Charles F. Richards, Georgetown. 
William Saulsbury, Dover. 
Dudley W. Adams, Tangerine. 
Jesse T. Bernard, Tallahassee. 



ORGANIZATION. 



Georgia 
Idaho. . . 
Illinois 
Indiana 
Iowa. . . 
Kansas . 
Kentucky. 
Louisiana . 

Maine 

Maryland. 

Mass 

Michigan. . 
Minnesota 
Mississippi 
Missouri . . 
Montana . . 
Nebr^ ska . 

Nevada 

New 
Hampshire 
New 

Jersey. 

New York. 

North 
Carolina 

North 
Dakota. . 

Ohio 

Oregon 



Penn 



Rhode 
Island. . . 

South 
Carolina 

South 
Dakota. . 

Tennessee 



Commissioners. 

Lafayette McLaws, Savannah. 
Charlton H. Way, Savannah. 
George A. Manning, Post Falls. 
John E. Stearns, Nampa. 
Charles H. Deere, Moline. 
Adlai T. Ewing, Chicago. 
Thomas E. Garvin, Evansville. 
Elijah B. Martindale, Indianapolis. 
Joseph Eiboeck, Des Moines. 
William P. King, Mt. Vernon. 
Charles K. Holliday, Jr., Topeka. 
J. R. Burton, Abilene. 
John Bennett, Richmond. 
James A. McKenzie, Oak Grove. 
Davidson B. Penn, Newellton. 
Thomas J. Woodward, New Orleans. 
Augustus R. Bixby, Skowhegan. 
William G. Davis, Portland. 
James Hodges, Baltimore. 
Lloyd Lowndes, Cumberland. 
Francis W. Breed, Lynn. 
Thomas E. Proctor, Boston. 
M. Henry Lane, Kalamazoo. 
Charles H. Richmond, Ann Arbor. 
Matthew B. Harrison, Duluth. 
Orson V. Tousley, Minneapolis. 
Joseph M. Bynum, Rienzi. 
Robert L. Saunders, Jackson. 
Thomas B. Bullene. Kansas City. 
Charles H. Jones, St. Louis. 
Lewis H. Hershfleld, Helena. 
A. H. Mitchell, Deer Lodge City. 
Euclid Martin, Omaha. 
Albert G. Scott, Kearney. 
James W. Haines, Genoa. 
George Russell, Elko. 
Walter Aiken, Franklin. 
Charles D. McDuftie, Manchester. 
William J. Sewell, Camden. 
Thomas Smith, Newark. 
Chauncey M. Depew, New York. 
John Boyd Thacher, Albany. 
Alexander B. Andrews, Raleigh. 
Thomas B. Keogh, Greensboro. 

H. P. Rucker, Grand Forks. 
Martin Ryan, Fargo. 

Harvey P. Piatt, Toledo. 
William Ritchie, Hamilton. 

Henry Klippel, Jacksonville. 
Martin Wilkins, Eugene City. 

William McClelland, Pittsburgh. 
John W. Woodside. Philadelphia. 
Lyman B. Goff, Pawtucket. 
Gardiner C. Sims, Providence. 
A. P. Butler, Columbia. 
John R. Cochran, Anderson. 

Merritt H. Day, Rapid City. 
William Mclntyre, Watertown. 

Louis T. Baxter, Nashville. 
Thomas L. Williams, Knoxville. 



Alltcmates. 

James Longstreet, Gainesville. 
John W. Clark, Augusta. 
A. J. Crook, Hailey. 
John M. Burke, Wardner. 
La Fayette Funk, Shirley. 
De Witt Smith, Springfield. 
William E. McLean. Terre Haute. 
Charles M. Travis, Crawfordsville. 
Chas. N. Whiting, Whiting. 
John Hayes, Red Oak. 
M. D. Henry, Independence. 
Frank W. Lanyon, Pittsburg. 
David N. Comingore. Covington. 
John S. Morris, Louisville. 
Alphonse Le Due, New Orleans. 
P. J. McMahon, Tangipahoa. 
James A. Boardman, Bangor. 
Clark S. Edwards, Bethel. 
George M. Upshur, Snow Hill. 
Daniel E. Conkling, Baltimore. 
George P. Ladd, Spencer. 
Chas. E. Adams, Lowell. 
Ernest B. Fisher, Grand Rapids. 
George H. Barbour, Detroit. 
Thomas C. Kurtz, Moorhead. 
Muret N. Leland, Wells. 
Fred W. Collins, Summit. 
Joseph H. Brinker, West Point 
O. H. Picker. Joplin. 
R. L. McDonald, St. Joseph. 
Benjamin F. White, Dillon. 
Timothy E. Collins, Great Falls. 
William L. May, Fremont. 
John Lauterbach, Fairbury. 
Enoch Strother. Virginia; City. 
Richard Ryland, Reno. 
George Van Dyke. Lancaster. 
Frank E. Kaley, Mil ford. 
Frederick S. Fish, Newark. 
Edwin A. Stevens, Hoboken. 
James H. Breslin, New York. 
James Roosevelt, Hyde Park. 
Elias Carr, Old Sparta. 
G. A. Bingham, Salisbury. 

Charles H. Stanley, Steele. 
Peter Cameron, Tyner. 

Lucius C. Cron, Piqua. 

Adolph Pluemer, Cincinnati. 

J. L. Morrow, Heppner. 
W. T. Wright, Union. 

R. Bruce Ricketts, Wilkes-Barre. 
John K. Hallock, Erie. 

Jeffrey Hazard, Providence. 
Lorillard Spencer, Newport. 

E. L. Roche, Charleston. 
J. W. Tindell, Sumter. 

S. A. Ramsey, Woonsocket. 
L. S. Bullaru, Pierre. 

Rush Strong. Knoxville. 
A. B. Hurt, Chattanooga. 



19 




W. T. BAKER, PRESIDENT WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION— Page 27. 



ORGANIZATION. 



Texas 

Vermont . . 
Virginia. . 
Wash 



West 
virginia. 

Wisconsin. 
Wyoming . . 



Commissioners. 

\ Archelaus M. Cochran, Dallas. 
} John T. Dickinson, Austin. 

Henry H. Mclntyre, West Randolph. 

Bradley B. Smalley, Burlington. 
( Vii'ginius D. Groner, Norfolk. 
} John T. Harris, Harrisonburg. 
( Henry Drum, Tacoma. 
( Charles B. Hopkins, Spokane Falls. 
\ James D. Butt, Harper's Ferry. 
I J. W. St. Clair, Fayetteville. 
\ Philip Allen, Jr., Mineral Point. 
/ John N. Coburn, La Crosse. 
^ Asahel C. Beckwith, Evanston. 
} Henry G. Hay, Cheyenne. 



^.uernates. 

Lock McDaniel. Anderson. 
Henry B. Andrews, San Antonio. 
Aidace F. Walker. Rutland. 
Hiram Atkins, Montpelier. 
Charles A. Heermans, Christianburg 
Alexander McDonald, Lynchburg. 
Geo. F. Cummin, Cheney. 
Clarence B. Bagley, Seattle. 
John Corcoran, Wheeling. 
Wellington Vrooman, Parkersburg. 
David W. Curtis, Fort Atkinson. 
Myron Reed, Superior. 
Asa S . Mercer, Cheyenne. 
John J. McCormick, Sheridan. 



Commissioners of the Territories. 



Arizona . . . 

New 
Mexico. . 

Oklahoma. 



Alaska. 



Commissioners. 

George F. Coats, Phoenix. 

William Zeckendorf, Tucson. 

Thomas C. Gutierres, Albuquerque. 

Richard Mansfield White, Hermosa. 

Othniel Beeson, Reno City. 

John D. Miles, Kingfisher. 
TT \ Frederick J. Kiesel, Ogden. 

uiA±1 } Patrick H. Lannan, Salt Lake City. 

I Edward de Groff, Sitka. 
} Louis Ii. Williams, Juneau. 



Alternates. 

W. L. Van Horn, Flagstaff. 
Herbert H. Logan, Phoenix. 
Louis C. Tetard, East Las Vegas. 
Charles B. Eddy, Eddy. 
John Wallace, Oklahoma City. 
Joseph W. McNeal, Guthrie. 
William M. Ferry. Park City. 
Charles Crane, Kanosh. 
Carl Spuhn, Killisnoo. 
N. A. Fuller, Juneau. 



Board of Lady Managers. 

Section 6 of the act of Congress creating the World's Columbian Commission, 
authorized and required said Commissioners to appoint " a Board of Lady Managers, of 
such number and to perform such duties as may be prescribed by said Commission."' 

In pursuance of this authority the World's Columbian Commission authorized the 
appointment of two Lady Managers from each State and Territory and the District of 
Columbia, eight Managers at Large and nine from the City of Chicago, with alternates 
respectively. 

List of Officers. Lady Managers and Alternates of the Board of Lady Managers of the 
World's Columbian Commission: 

President, Mrs. Potter Palmer, of Chicago. 

First Vice-President, Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, of New York. 

Second Vice-President, Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh, of Maine. 

Third Vice-President. Mrs. Charles Price, of North Carolina. 

Fourth Vice-President, Miss Katherine L. Minor, of Louisiana. 

Fifth Vice-President, Mrs. Beriah Wilkins, of the District of Columbia. 

Sixth Vice-President, Mrs. Susan R. Ashley, of Colorado. 

Seventh Vice-President, Mrs. Flora Beall Ginty, of Wisconsin. 

Eighth Vice-President, Mrs. Margaret Blaine Salisbury, of Utah. 

Vice-President-at-Large, Mrs. Russell B. Harrison, of Montana. 

Secretary. Mrs. Susan Gale Cooke, Knoxville, Tenn. Office, Chicago. 

Nominated by Commissioners at Large. 



Lady Managers. 

Mrs. D. F. Verdenal, New York. 

Mrs. Mary Cecil Cantrill, Georgetown, Ky. 

Mrs. Mary S. Lockwood, Washington, D. C. 

Mrs. John J. Bagley, Detroit, Mich. 

Miss Ellen A. Ford! New York, 

Mrs. Mary S. Harrison, Helena, Mont. 

Mrs. Ida A. Elkins Tyler, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Mrs. Rosine Ryan, Austin, Texas. 



Alternates. 

Ben C. Truman, Los Angles, Cal. 

Nancy Huston Banks, Morgan field. 
Mrs. James B. Stone, Worcester. Mi?->. 
Mrs. Schuyler Colfax, South Bend, Ind. 
Mrs. Helen A. Peck, Kansas City, Mo. 
Miss Caroline E. Dennis. Auburn. N. Y. 
Mrs. Geo. R. Yarrow, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Mrs. Lilla C. Baxter, Navasota, Texas. 



Mi 
Mi 



Ky. 



20 




GEO. R. DAVIS, DIRECTOR GENERAL WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION— Page 26. 



ORGAXI/ATH »N. 



By Commissioners from the States. 



Ala 


\ Miss 
( Mrs. 


Ark 


\ Mrs. 
( Mrs.' 


Cal 


< Mrs. 
( Mrs. 


Colo. . . 


Mrs. 
1 Mrs. 


Conn . . 


( Miss 
I Mrs. 


Dela . . 


j Mrs. 
1 Mrs. 


Fla .... 


] Mrs. 
( Miss 


CxA 


j Mrs. 
\ Mrs. 


Idaho. . 


|Mrs. 


Ill 


Mrs. 
1 Mrs. 


IND .... 


J Mrs. 
1 Mrs." 


Iowa. . . 


| Mrs. 
| Miss 


Kansas 


( Mrs. 
\ Mrs. 


Ky 


\ Mrs. 

( Miss 


La 


( Miss 
( Miss 


Maine . 


Mrs. 
/ Mrs. 


Md 


I Mrs. 
\ Mrs. 


Mass... 


1 Mrs. 
j Mrs. 


Mich. . . 


i Mrs. 
i Mrs. 


Minn . . 


\ Mrs. 
1 Mrs. 


Miss. .. 


j Mrs. 
• Mrs. 


Mo 


\ Miss 

i Miss 


Mont . . 


J Mrs. 
J Mrs. 


Neb 


1 Mrs. 
j Mrs. 


Nev 


\ Miss 
| Mrs. 


New 


J Mrs. 


Hamp. 


| Mrs. 


New 


I Miss 


Jersey 


( Mrs. 


Ni:\v 


| Mrs. 


York 


1 Mrs. 


North 


\ Mrs. 


Caro. 


/ Mrs. 



Lady Managers. 

Hattie T. Hundley, Mooresville. 
Anna M. Fosdick, Mobile. 
James P. Eagle, Little Rock. 
'Rollin A. Edgerton, Little Rock. 
Parthenia P. Rue, Santa Rosa. 
James R. Deane, San Francisco. 
Robt. J. Coleman, Beuna Vista. 
Susan R. Ashley, Denver. 
Frances B. Ives, New Haven. 
Isabella B. Hooker, Hartford. 
Mary Richards Kinder, Milford. 
J. Frank Ball, Wilmington. 
Mary C. Bell. Gainesville. 
E. Nellie Beck, Tampa. 
Wm. H. Felton, Cartersville. 
Charles H. Olmstead, Savannah. 

Joseph C. Straughan, Boise City. 
Richard J. Oglesby, Elkhart. 
Frances W. Shepard, Chicago. 
Wilhelmine Reitz, Evansville. 
.V. C. Meredith, Cambridge City. 
Whiting S. Clark, Des Moines. 
Or a E. Miller, Cedar Rapids. 
Jennie S. Mitchell, Leavenworth, 
Hester A. Hanback, Osborne. 
Jean W. Faulkner, Lancaster. 
Cora D. Payne, Henderson. 
Katherine L. Minor, Houma. 
Jose. Shakspeare, New Orleans. 
Edwin C. Burleigh, Augusta. 
L. M. N. Stevens, Portland. 
William Reed, Baltimore. 
Alex. Thomson, Mount Savage. 
Rufus S. Frost, Chelsea. 
Jonas H. French, Boston. 
Eliza J. P. Howes, Battle Creek. 
Sarah S. C. Angell, Ann Arbor. 
Francis B. Clarke, St. Paul. 
H. F. Brown, Minneapolis. 

James W. Lee, Aberdeen. 
John M. Stone, Jackson. 

Phoebe Couzins, St. Louis. 
Lillian Mason Brown, Kirkwood. 

Eliza Rickard, Butte City. 
Lily Rosecrans Toole, Helena. 

John S. Briggs, Omaha. 
E. C. Langworthy, Seward. 

Eliza M. Russell, Elko. 

Ella M. Stevenson, Carson City. 

Mira B. F. Ladd, Lancaster. 
Daniel Hall, Dover. 

Mary E. Busselle. Newark. 
Martha B. Stevens, Hoboken. 

R. Trautinann, New York City. 
W. C. Whitney. New York City. 

George W. Kidder, Wilmington. 
Charles Price, Salisbury. 



Alternates. 

Miss Sallie Talula Smith, Birmingham. 
Mrs. Louise L. Werth, Montgomery. 
Mrs. Mary Gray D. Rogers. Fort Smith 
Mrs. Wm. B. Empie, Newport. 
Mrs. Theresa Fair. San Francisco. 
Mrs. FronaE. Wait, San Francisco. 
Mrs. W. F. Patrick, Leadville. 
Mrs. M. D. Thatcher, Pueblo. 
Mrs. Amelia B. Hinman, Stevenson. 
Mrs. Virginia T. Smith. Hartford. 
Mrs. Mary E. Torbert, Milford. 
Mrs. Theodore F. Armstrong, Newark. 
Mrs. Chloe M. Reed, So. Jacksonville. 
Mrs. H. K. Ingram, Jacksonville. 
Mrs. Meta Telfair McLaws, Augusta. 
Mrs. Geo. W. Lamar, Savannah. 
Mrs. Anna E. M. Farnum, Post Falls. 
Mrs. Ella Ray Miller, Pocatello. 
Mrs. Marcia Louise Gould, Mohne. 
Mrs. Frances B. Phillips, Bloomington. 
Miss Susan W. Ball, Terre Haute. 
Miss Mary H. Krout, Crawfordsville. 
Mrs. Ira F. Hendricks, Council Bluffs. 
Miss Mary B. Hancock, Dubuque. 
Mrs. Sara Blair Lynch, Leavenworth. 
Mrs. Jane H. Haynes, Fort Scott. 
Miss Sarah F. Holt, Frankfort. 
Mrs. Alice B. Castleman, Louisville. 
Mrs. Bowling S. Leathers, New Orleans. 
Mrs. Belle H. Perkins, New Orleans. 
Mrs. Sarah H. Bixby, Skowhegan. 
Miss Kate Hutchins Locke, Bethel. 
Mrs. J. Wilson Patterson, Baltimore. 
Mrs. Eloise Roman, Cumberland. 
Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, Cambridge. 
Miss Mary Crease Sears, Boston. 
Mrs. Frances P. Burrows, Kalamazoo. 
Miss Anna M. Cutcheon, Detroit. 
Mrs. P. B. Winston, Minneapolis. 
Mrs. M. M. Williams, Little Falls. 

Mrs. Geo. M. Buchanan, Holly Springs. 
Miss Varina Davis, Beau voir. 
Mrs. Patti Moore, Kansas City. 
Mrs. Annie L. Y. Swart, St. Louis. 

Mrs. Frank L. Worden, Missoula. 
Mrs. Mariam D. Cooper, Bozeman. 

Mrs. M. A. B. Martin, Broken Bow 
Mrs. Lana A. Bates, Aurora. 

Miss Mary E. Davies, Genoa. 
Mrs. M. D. Foley. Reno. 

Mrs. Frank H. Daniell, Franklin Falls. 
Miss Ellen J. Cole, Lake Village. 

Mrs. Amanda M. Smith, Newark. 

Mrs. John Pope, New York City. 
Mrs. A. M. Palmer, New York City. 

Mrs. Sallie S. Cotten, Falkland. 

Miss Virginia S. Divine, Wilmington. 



21 




MRS. POTTER PALMER, PRESIDENT BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS— Page 27. 



ORGANIZATION. 



North 
Dak. 

Ohio. . . 
Ore. . . . 

Penn. 



Rhode 
Island. 
South 

Caro. 
South 

Dak. 

Tenn. . 
Texas. . 

Vt 

Va 



Wash . 

West 
Va. 

Wis. . . . 
Wyo. . . 



Lady Managers. 

\ Mrs. S. W. McLaughlin. Grand Forks. 
( Mrs. W. B. McConnell, Fargo. 
j Mrs. Mary A. Hart, Cincinnati. 
( Mrs. Walter Hartpence, Harrison. 
{ Mrs. E. W. Allen, Portland. 
( Mrs. Mary Payton, Salern. 
j Miss Mary E. McCandless, Pittsburg. 
( Mrs. Harriet A. Lucas, Philadelphia. 
\ Mrs. A. M. Starkweather, Pawtucket. 
I Miss Charlotte F. Dailey, Providence. 
[ V've J. S. R. Thomson, Spartanburg. 
i" Mrs. Ellery M. Brayton, Columbia. 
( Mrs. John R. Wilson, Deadwood. 

Mrs. Helen Morton Barker, Huron. 
j Mrs. Laura Gillespie, Nashville. 
I Mrs. Susan Gale Cooke, Knoxville. 
j Mrs. Ida Loving Turner, Fort Worth. 
( Mrs. Mary A. Cochran, Dallas. 
j Mrs. Ellen M. Chandler, Pomfret. 
} Mrs. Eliz. V. Grinnell, Burlington. 
i Mrs. John Sergeant Wise, Richmond. 
\ Mrs. K. S. G. Paul, Harrisonburg. 

Mrs. Melissa D. O wings, Olympia. 

Mrs. Alice Houghton, Spokane Falls. 

Mrs. W. Newton Linch, Martinsburg. 

Miss L. Irene Jackson, Parkersburg. 
j Mrs. Flora B. Ginty, Chippewa Falls. 
| Mrs. William P. Lynde, Milwaukee. 
\ Mrs. F. H. Harrison. Evanston. 
I Mrs. Frances E. Hale, Cheyenne. 



Alternates 

Mrs. Alice Vineyard Brown, Lisbon. 
Mrs. Frances C. Holley, Bismarck. 
Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, Warren. 
Mrs. Asa S. Bushnell, Springfield. 
Mrs. Anna R. Riggs, Portland. 
Mrs. Hattie E. Sladden, Eugene City. 
Mrs. Samuel Plumer, Franklin. 
Mrs. W. S. Elkins, Philadelphia. 
Mrs. George A. Mumford, Pawtucket. 
Miss Loraine P. Bucklin, Providence. 
Miss Florida Cunningham, Charleston. 
Miss Carrie A. Perry, Walhalla. 
Mrs. Minnie Daniels, Watertown. 
Mrs. Marie J. Gaston, Deadwood. 
Mrs. Carrington Mason, Memphis. 
Mrs. Charles J. McClung, Knoxville. 
Miss Hallie Earle Harrison, Waco. 
Mrs. Kate Cawthon McDaniel, Anderson. 
Mrs. Minna G. Hooker. Brattleboro. 
Mrs. Theresa J. Cochrane, Groton. 

Miss Mattie P. Harris, Staunton. 
Mrs. Chauncey Wright Griggs, Tacoma. 
Miss Josephine H. Stinson, Colfax. 
Mrs. George W. Z. Black, Halltown. 
Miss Annie M. Mahan, Fayetteville. 
Mrs. Sam S. Fifield, Ashland. 
Mrs. J. M. Smith, Mineral Point. 
Mrs. Elizabeth A.Stone, Evanston. 
Miss Gertrude M. Huntington, Saratoga. 



By Commissioners from the Territories. 



Ariz. . . 

Alas- 
ka 
New 

Mex. 
Okla- 



Lady Managers. 

j Mrs. Thomas J. Butler, Prescott. 
] Miss Laurette Lovell, Tucson, 
f Mrs. A. K. Delaney, Juneau. 

\ Mrs. Franc L. Albright, Albuquerque. 
"( Mrs. Edward L. Bartlett, Santa Fe. 
\ Mrs. Marie P. H. Beeson, Reno City. 



HOMA. ( Mrs. Lucy D. Miles, Kingfisher. 
TT ( Mrs. Thomas A. Whalen, Ogden. 

uiah . . -j Mrg _ M _ R Salisbury, Salt Lake City. 



Alternates. 

Mrs. George Hoxworth, Flagstaff. 
Mrs. H. J. Peto, Tombstone. 
Miss Maxwell Stevenson, Juneau. 



Mrs. Louise Dakin Campbell, Eddy. 
Mrs Julia Wallace, Oklahoma City. 
Mrs. Mary S. McNeal, Guthrie. 
Mrs. Susie B. Emery, Park City. 
Miss Maggie Keogh, Salt Lake" City. 



By Commissioners from the District of Columbia. 



Lady Managers. 

Mrs. John A. Logan, Washington. 
Mrs. Beriah Wilkins. Washington. 



Mrs. Emma Dean Powell, Washington. 
Mrs. Emma C. Wimsatt, Washington. 



By the President, from the City of Chicago. 



Laxly Managers. 

Mrs. Bertha M. Honore Palmer. 

Mrs. Solomon Thatcher, Jr., River Forest. 

Mrs. Jennie Sanford Lewis. 

Mrs. James A. Mulligan. 

Frances Dickinson, M. D. 

Mrs. M. R. M. Wallace. 

Mrs. Myra Bradwell. 

Mrs. James R. Doolittle, Jr. 

Mrs. Matilda B. Carse. 



Alternates. 

Mrs. Sara T. Hallowell. 

Mrs. George L. Dunlup. 

Mrs. L. Brace Shattuck. 

Mrs. Annie C. Mevers. 

Martha H. Ten Eyck. 

Mrs. Margaret I. Sandes. Ravenswood, 111. 

Mrs. Leander Stone. 

Mrs. Gen'l A. L. Chetlain. 

Frances E. Willard, Evanston, 111. 



22 



ORGANIZATION. 



BOARD OF CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT. 

Hon. Edwin Willits, Chairman. 

Sevellon A. Brown, Chief Clerk of the Department of State, to represent that department. 

Allured B. Nettleton, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, to represent the Treasury 
Department. 

Major Clifton Comly, U. S. A., to represent the War Department. 

•Captain R. W. Meade, U. S. N., to represent the Navy Department. 

A. D. Hazen, Third Assistant Postmaster General, to represent the Post Office Department. 

Horace A. Taylor, Commissioner of Railroads, to represent the Department of the Interior. 

Elijah C. Foster, General Agent of the Department of Justice, to represent that department. 

Edwin Willits, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, to represent the Department of Agri- 
culture. 

Dr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary Smithsonian Institution, to represent that Insti- 
tution and the National Museum. 

•J. W. Collins, Assistant-in-Charge Division of Fisheries, to represent the United States 
Fish Commission. 

Administrative and Departmental Organization. 

The administration and control of the affairs of the Exposition have been conferred 
Tipon the two bodies designated respectively as the World's Columbian Commission, and 
the World's Columbian Exposition, the latter being incorporated under the laws of the 
■State of Illinois, and both bodies acting through the executive department and commit- 
tees and the Board of Reference and Control, as herein enumerated. 

Officers of the World's Columbian Commission. 
President, Thomas W. Palmer, Michigan. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

First. Thomas M. Waller, Connecticut. Fourth. Gorton W. Allen, New York. 

Second. M. H. de Young, California. Fifth. Alexander B. Andrews, N. Carolina. 

Third. D. B. Penn, Louisiana. 

Director-General, George R. Davis. Secretary, John T. Dickinson. 

Officers of the World "s Columbian Exposition. 

President, William T. Baker. 

Vice-Presidents, Thomas B. Bryan, Potter Palmer. 

Secretary and Solicitor-General, Benjamin Butterworth. 

Assistant Secretary, J. H. Kingwill. Auditor, William K. Ackerman. 

Treasurer, Anthony F. Seeberger. Traffic Manager, E. E. Jaycox. 

Board of Reference and Control. 

world's columbian commission. 

'T. W. Palmer. M. H. de Young. Geo. V. Massey. E. B. Martindale. 

J. A. McKenzie. William Lindsay. J. W. St. Clair. T. M. Waller. 

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

Wm. T. Baker. Potter Palmer. Edwin Walker. Ferd. W. Peck. 

Thos. B. Bryan. Lyman J. Gage. H. N. Higinbotham. Fred. S. Winston. 

Departments of the Exposition. 

George R Davis, Director-General. 

Department A. — Agriculture, Food and Food Products, Farming Machinery and Appli- 
ances. W. I. Buchanan, Chief. 

Department B. — Horticulture. John M. Samuels, Chief. 

Department C. — Live Stock — Domestic and Wild Animals. E. B. Cottrell, Chief. 

Department D. — Fish, Fisheries, Fish Products and Apparatus of Fishing. J. W. Collins, 
Chief. 

Department E. — Mines, Mining and Metallurgy. Frederick J. V. Skiff, Chief. 

Department F. — Machinery. L. W. Robinson, Chief. 

23 



ORGANIZATION. 



Department G. — Transportation Exhibits, Railways, Vessels and Vehicles. Willard A. 

Smith, Chief. 
Department H. — Manufactures. James Allison, Chief. 

Department J. — Electricity and Electrical Appliances. J P. Barrett, Chief. 
Department K. — Fine Arts, Pictorial, Plastic and Decorative. Halsey C. Ives, Chief. 
Department L. — Liberal Arts, Education. Engineering, Public Works, Architecture, Music 

and the Drama. S. H. Peabody, Chief. 
Department M. —Ethnology, Archaeology, Progress of Labor and Invention — Isolated and 

Collective Exhibits. F. W. Putnam, Chief. 
Department N. — Forestry and Forest Products. Thomas B. Keogh, Chief. 
Department O. — Publicity and Promotion. Moses P. Handy. Chief. 
Department P. — Foreign Affairs. Walker Fearn, Chief. 
Secretary of Installation, Jos. Hirst. 

Bureau of Construction. 

D. H. Burnham, Chief. 

Board of Architects. — By recommendation of the Committee on Grounds and 
Buildings, approved by the Board of Directors at its meeting of January 9, 1891, the fol- 
lowing architects were constituted a board to decide, in conference with the Chief of Con- 
struction, upon the preliminary problems in arrangement and grouping of buildings and 
their architecture, submitted to them. 

The general arrangement and harmony of the buildings, which promise to be among 
the most attractive features of the Exposition, were decided upon by the Chief and staff 
and the Board, and the designs of the proposed buildings of the Exposition were allotted 
among the architects by the Chief of Construction, as follows : 

Robert M. Hunt of New York, Administration. 

W. L. B. Jenny, of Chicago, Horticulture. 

McKim, Mead & White, of New York, Agriculture. 

Adler & Sullivan, of Chicago, Transportation. 

George B. Post, of New York, Manufactures. 

Henry Ives Cobb, of Chicago, Fisheries. 

Burling & Whitehouse, of Chicago, Casino and Entrances. 

Peabody & Stearns, of Boston, Machinery. 

S. S. Beaman, of Chicago, Mines and Mining. 

Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City, Electricity. 

C. B. At wood, of Chicago, Art and Forestry. 

Medical Bureau. 

John E. Owens, M. D., Medical Director, Morton R. Yeager, M. D., Assistant Surgeon- 
W. H. Allport, M. D., Assistant Surgeon. 

The World's Congress Auxiliary of the World's Columbian Exposition. 

Chas. C. Bonney, President. Lyman J. Gage, Treasurer. 

Thos. B. Byran, Vice-President. Benjamin Butterworth, Secretary. 

Object.— To promote the holding of appropriate conventions during the World's 
Columbian Exposition of 1893 for the consideration of the living questions in all the depart- 
ments of human progress, and, in addition thereto, a Union Congress for each department, 
under the direction of the Auxiliary, in which the important results accomplished will be 
set forth by the most eminent representatives who can attend, thus securing freedom and 
independence of separate organizations, and union and harmony in presenting to the world 
the higher achievements of mankind, while the people who will come to the Exposition 
may enjoy the privilege of seeing and hearing many of the distinguished leaders whose 
names have become familiar to the enlightened world. 

This Auxiliary has no jurisdiction over any exhibit of material things, but will deal 
exclusively with conventions of persons and their proceedings. The Exposition will pre- 
sent the progress of mankind as represented by material forms ; while the Auxiliary will 
portray that progress with the pen and the living voice, and will endeavor to crown the 
whole glorious work by the formation and adoption of better and more comprehensive 
plans than have hitherto been pursued to secure the progress, prosperity, unity, peace and 
happiness of the world. 

24 



• • • THE CHICAGO COLLEGE • • • 

OF 

OpfitfiaImolooy*and*OtoIoDi] 

INCORPORATED UNDER THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. JANUARY 25. 1878. 



This College is designed for instructing Physicians and Students who wish to gain a 
higher knowledge of the Science of Ophthalmology, Otology and Collateral Branches. 

A Special Course of Instruction is also arranged for those who wish to become 
qualified as Practical Opticians. 

The two Courses will be essentially distinct, and a separate diploma will be issued 
to graduates in each. 

The Chieago College of Ophthalmology and Otology 

Is the oldest duly incorporated Eye and Ear College in the United States, devoted 
exclusively to the Science of Ophthalmic and Aural Diseases, and authorized to 
issue Diplomas by express authority of the state. 



B. A. CAMFIELD, M. D., Pres't. 
W. S. HECTOR, M. D. 



BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 

HENRY OEIN, M. D., Vice-Pres't. 

E. d. Mcintosh, m. d. 



HENRY S. TUCKER, M. D., Sec'y. 
A. E. WILLARD, M. D. 



For further information, address the Dean, 

PROF. B. A. CAMFIELD, M. D., 163 STATE ST., CHICAGO, ILL. 




BIOGRAPHICAL. 

The President of the World's Columbian Commission.— Hon. Thomas With- 
ei"ell Palmer, the President of the World's Columbian Commission, was born in Detroit, 
Mich., June 25, 1830, being now in the prime of life. He comes from New England by- 
descent, his father, Thomas Palmer, having been born in the town of Ashford, Windham 
County, Conn. , in 1789. Thomas Palmer emigrated to the west, and in 1809 was carrying 
on a lucrative trading business in the town of Detroit, with the Indians on the frontier. 
The mother of the subject of our sketch was born in Rhode Island, and is a direct 
descendant from Roger Williams. Her father was a native of Mansfield, Mass., and 
served as a private at the battle of Bunker Hill. He was appointed by President 
Jefferson as Judge of the Territory of Michigan, and in his official capacity became 
acquainted with the celebrated Chief Tecumseh, for whose good qualities he had the 
highest appreciation. Senator Palmer has every right to feel proud of such an ances- 
try. He received his education at St. Clair College and the University of Michigan, grad- 
uating at the latter institution. He made with some friends a pedestrian tour through 
Spain, and thus became familiar with a people and country to which he was later accred- 
ited as Minister from the United States. On his return he entered into mercantile life in 
Wisconsin and later in Detroit, where he has since resided, securing to himself the uni- 
versal good will and esteem of his fellow citizens, of both city and State. He became active 
in state politics, serving as a member of the Board of Estimates and also as State Sena- 
tor. He was elected United States Senator from Michigan and served six years, to the 
great advantage of his native State and the interests of the great west. Senator Palmer 
was elected President of the water-ways convention held in Sault Sainte Marie, under the 
auspices of the Duluth Chamber of Commerce, in August, 1887, to consider the condition 
of affairs resulting from the increase of commerce between Lake Superior and the lower 
lakes, an important position, which he filled with great credit. In 1889 he received his 
appointment as Minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to the court of Spain. 

At the first meeting of the World's Columbian Commission, held in Chicago, Juno 26, 
1890, Hon. Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan, was unanimously elected President. Senator 
Palmer has taken hold of this great enterprise with his usual energy and a conviction of 
success which nothing can shake and no obstacle deter. 

The following extracts are taken from the eloquent address of President Palmer at the 
banquet given to the Columbian Commission by the States Association, on June 26, 1890, 
at the Palmer House, Chicago: 

* * * " Education is the chief safeguard for the future, not education through books 
alone, but through the commingling of our people from East, West, North and South, from 
farm and factory. Such great convocations as that of our projected Fair are the schools 
wherein our people shall touch elbows, and the men and women from Maine and Texas, 
from Washington and South Carolina, learn to realize that all are of one blood, speak the 
same language, worship one God, and salute one flag. 

" If we are to remain a free people, if the States are to retain their autonomy, if we are 
to take a common pride in the name of America, if we are to avoid the catastrophe of former 
years, Americans must commingle, be brought in contact and acquire that mutual sympa- 
thy that is essential in a harmonious family. Isolated, independent travel may do this, 
but not to any such extent as will be accomplished by gatherings like this, where millions 
will concentrate to consult and compare the achievements of each other and of those from 
across the sea. All must have observed the effect of the Centennial Exhibition in educat- 
ing even what are called educated people, and in the impetus derived therefrom. It gave 
to all a larger outlook, it repressed egotism, quickened sympathies and set us to thinking. 

" It has been well said that 'Industrial expositions are the mile stones of progress, the 
measure of the dimensions of the productive activity of the human race. They cultivate 
taste, they bring nations closer to one another, and thus promote civilization, they awaken 
new wants and lead to an increased demand, they contribute to a taste for art and thus 
encourage the genius of artists.' 

" And this is civilization — process by which the citizens of each state, foreign as well 
as domestic, will learn their inter-dependence upon each other. Many will come from 
selfish motives, possibly, but the social atmosphere they will here breathe, that indefina- 
ble influence that pervades and affects people who come together in masses with a common 
purpose, will broaden them and teach them that discussion and not violence is the proper 
way to adjust differences or promote objects — and thus prepare humanity for that good 
time so long coming. 

25 



BIOGRAPHICAL. 



" The world will come to us, by its representatives if not en masse, and our own people 
should be drawn to this great school of the citizen by every device which can be imagined 
and afforded, while it remains for all connected with this management to see that no just 
expectation shall be disappointed. 

" In other times there were convocations where the spirit of rivalry and comparison 
appeared, but in them few were invited to participate and only a limited number of spec- 
tators could afford to attend. In those tournaments muscle was of more importance than 
mind. Those exhibitions taught how to destroy, and not how to create. The rivalry now 
is in methods to create and not to destroy, and + he knights who participate are those of 
the active brain and cunning hand, whose spectators and judges are the better behaved 
and better educated citizens of to-day. 

" This Exposition — on a new site, in a new world — assumes greater dimensions than a 
market for merchandise or than figures of finance. We should make it a congress of the 
nations wherein agriculture, manufactures and commerce should be the handmaids of ideas 
— where art should paint the allegory of peace and chisel the statue of fraternity — where 
music should play a dirge to dead hates and an epithalamium on the marriage of the 
nations. 

" Our country has led the advance in peaceful arbitration. The Geneva Commission, 
the Fisheries Commission in the settlement of difficulties already existing — the Pan- 
American Congress has opened the way for the peaceful settlement of questions that may 
arise hereafter to the people of the hemisphere. I regard these three great achievements 
of our capital government as more illustrious than any act of any government since our 
great Civil War. 

"Let the Exposition be fruitful in profit, not only to the exhibitors, but to all comers, 
and that they shall carry away a higher conception of the duty of the citizen and the 
mission of the state. Our material power is very great, too great for us to act on any other 
plane than the highest. Our resources and capacity to meet our financial obligations are a 
wonder to the powers of the Old World. It should be our aim to make our moral altitude 
on all public questions, national or international, as unassailable as our monetary credit. 
Our bonds are higher in the markets of the world than any other — our opinions and acts 
should, relatively, hold as high a place. 

"The first 400 years have passed — they have been illuminated by the heroic deeds of 
men and women, and shaded by crimes, national and individual. The descendants of the 
Puritan and the Cavalier, of the Huguenot and the Catholic, of the slave and the Indian, 
together with those from other continents and the isles of the sea, meet in peaceful rivalry 
where the forest fades away and the prairie expands. 

"At last we are a nation with a common inheritance. Lexington and Yorktown, Bun- 
ker Hill and Eutaw Springs, Saratoga and Guilford Court House, New Orleans and Platts- 
burg are our common glory. 

"We have people to the North and South who can be linked to us with hooks of steel 
if we continue to retain their respect and confidence. I want no forcible additions to our 
territory, were it practicable. I want them to come as a bride comes to her husband — in 
love and confidence — and because they wish to link their fortunes with ours, to make their 
daily walk by our side. To bring about this consummation, will be the work of time, of 
forbearance, of rigid observance of their rights, of due regard for their prejudices, of an 
unselfish desire for welfare — wherein all the amenities of life shall be cultivated. We 
must enforce their respect by order at our own home and show them that our composite 
civilization — wherein we select all that is good from abroad and retain all that is good in 
our own — is calculated to make them also happier and greater. 

" Should this occasion, this National Exposition, promote such a purpose as if we are 
rightly inspired — this meeting of all peoples would be more than a financial success — more 
than a vain commercial triumph. It would emphasize the new era which I hope is dawn- 
ing and take the initiative in what may result in the federation of this hemisphere. 

The Director-General. — Colonel George R. Davis, unanimously selected as Director- 
General of the World's Fair Chicago 1S93, has in every way a national reputation, having 
served in the councils of the nation as well as on the battlefield. He was born at 
Three Rivers, Palmer, Mass., in 1840, received his education first in the public schools of 
Ware Ma;s„ where his father and grandfather had lived for over 100 years, and gradu- 
ated at Williston seminary, East Hampton, Mass., in 1860. At the commencement of the 
war. young Davis volunteered and served in the Army of the Potomac and Army of the 
Gulf, being promoted to the rank of Major in 1863, with command of the regiment. His 
services in connection with the important business of transportation were so valuable that 
he was placed in charge of that department, and when Gen. Sheridan changed his station 
from the command of the Department of the Gulf to that of the Missouri. Col. Davis pro- 
ceeded with headquarters at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and later he moved with head- 
auarters to Chicago. His record in the army in connection with the difficult duties of the 



26 



GRAND PALACE HOTEL 



AMERICAN 
and EUROPEAN 
PLANS 



One Half Price of Other 
First-Class Hotels 



-^PRACTICALLY FIRE-PROOF ALL MODERN IMPROVEMENTS^ 



Rooms 50c. Daily 



AND UPWROS 



ERECTED 1891 



Rooms'"' S3 .00 Weekly 



AND UPWARDS 




OFFICE, 101 NORTH CLARK STREET 



81 to 103 North Clark Street 



CHICAGO, ILL. 



EXTENDING FROM 



ILLINOIS 
toINDIANA 
STREETS 



Four IVIinutes from Court House 

by fJorth 

Clark St. Cable Cars 



Restaurant Connected, Popular Prices 



TURKISH BATHS CONNECTED for LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 50 CENTS 

LATTER OPEN ALL NIGHT 



TABLiH D'HOTE 
SERVED" 



ELEVATORS RUN ALL NIGHT 



BIOGRAPHICAL. 



Quartermaster's Department of the Army is much to his credit, as he indicated a natural 
aptitude for rapid and thorough organization, which has specially fitted him for his present 
important position. Col. Davis resigned from the service in 1871, and went into business 
in Chicago in connection with the financial management of some of the largest insurance 
companies in the United States, with great success to their several interests. In 1878 Col. 
Davis was elected to Congress, was re-elected in 1880 and 1882, and served in the XLVIth, 
XLVIIth and XLVIIIth Congresses. In the fall of 1886 he was elected Treasurer of Cook 
County by nearly 10,000 majority, which office he held for a term of four years. It was 
largely through the unremitting labors of Col. Davis that the success of the World's Fair 
Chicago has been so far insured, and his present position and its consequent responsibil- 
ities are fully appreciated by one whose experience and reputation are a guarantee of the 
most favorable results. 

The President of the World's Columbian Exposition. — W. T. Baker was born 
at West Winfield, N. Y., in 1841. He began commercial life, when 14 years old, as a clerk 
in a country store in Groton, N. Y., with H. K. Clark. He was afterward for six years in 
the employ of D. B. Marsh & Co., of McClean, N. Y. He came to Chicago in 1861 and 
engaged as bookkeeper with Hinckley & Handy, commission merchants, then in the old 
Board of Trade building on South Water street. 

On the dissolution of the firm of Hinckley & Handy, Mr. Baker continued the business. 
In 1868 he formed a copartnership with C. A. Knight and W. F. Cobb, under the firm name 
of Knight, Baker & Co., which continued until 1872, when Mr. Knight retired and the 
firm became W. T. Baker & Co. Immediately after the fire of 1871 the firm occupied tem- 
porary quarters in the Wigwam on the West Side, then moved to 86 LaSalle street, where 
it remained seven years, and removed to the Chamber of Commerce building. On the com- 
pletion of the new Board of Trade building the firm removed to No. 240 LaSalle street and 
then to the Phoenix building, its present location. 

Mr. Baker was, until recently, President of the Board of Trade, in which position he 
served two consecutive terms. 

Mrs. Potter Palmer, President Board of Lady Managers.— On November 20, 
1890, during the first session of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian 
Commission, Mrs. Potter Palmer, of Chicago, was unanimously elected to the presidency 
of that body. Mrs. Palmer's name was placed in nomination by a truly representative 
American woman, Mrs. John A. Logan, widow of the universally admired and lamented 
Gen. John A. Logan. Mrs. Potter Palmer, before her marriage, had acquired fame as the 
beautiful Bertha Honore. She was born in Louisville. Ky., her father being of French 
descent and her mother belonging to one of the oldest and most aristocratic Southern fam- 
ilies. Her childhood and early girlhood was spent in Louisville, and there also her educa- 
tion was begun. According to old Southern custom, her education was finished in a con- 
vent, the one selected being that near Baltimore, Md. From the quiet of the convent Miss 
Honore stepped into a field of conquest. Her mental acquirements and inherited grace 
and refinement soon gave her an enviable position in society. In 1871 she married Potter 
Palmer, one of Chicago's representative and wealthy citizens, and has since then resided 
in Chicago. She has traveled much, and has a wide acquaintance among both the wise 
and fashionable people of the two continents. Her contributions to City and State chari- 
ties, while large, are surpassed by the good she privately does. Mrs. Potter Palmer is 
well calculated to adorn and fill the office to which she has been called, and her known 
energy, combined with her acknowledged executive ability, presages that the Board of 
Lady Managers, under her guidance, will accomplish much. 



27 



CLASSIFICATION. 



CHAPTER IV. 



GROUPINGS OF THE CLASSIFICATION AND RULES AND REGULATIONS. 



Department A. — Agriculture, Food and 
nets, Machinery and Appliances. 

Group 1. — Cereals, grasses and forage 
plants. 

Group 2. — Bread, biscuits, pastes, starch, 
gluten, etc. 

Group 3. — Sugars, syrups, confectionery, 
etc. 

Group 4. — Potatoes, tubers and other 
root crops. 

Group 5. — Products of the farm not oth- 
erwise classed. 

Group 6. — Preserved meats and food 
preparations. 

Group 7. — The dairy and dairy products. 

Group 8. — Tea, coffee, spices, hops and 
aromatic and vegetable substances. 

Group 9. — Animal and vegetable fibres. 



its Accessories, Forestry and Forest Prod- 
Group 10. — Pure mineral waters, natural 
and artificial. 

Group 11. — Whiskies, cider, liqueurs and 
alcohol. 

Group 12. — Malt liquors. 

Group 13. — Machinery, processes and ap- 
pliances of fermenting, distilling, bottling 
and storing beverages. 

Group 14. — Farms and farm buildings. 

Group 15. — Literature and statistics of 
agriculture. 

Group 16. — Farming tools, implements 
and machinery. 

Group 17.— Miscellaneous animal prod- 
ucts, fertilizers and fertilizing compounds. 

Group 18. — Fats, oils, soaps, candles, etc. 

Group 19. — Forestry, forest products. 



Department B. — Horticulture, Viticulture, Pomology, Floriculture, etc. 



Group 20. — Viticulture, manufactured 
products. Methods and appliances. 

Group 21. — Pomology, manufactured 
products. Methods and appliances. 

Group 22. — Floriculture. 



Group 23. — Culinary vegetables. 
Group 24. — Seeds, seed raising, testing 
and distribution. 

Group 25. — Arboriculture. 

Group 26. — Appliances, methods, etc. 



Department C. — Live Stock, Domestic and Wild Animals. 



Group 27. — Horses, asses, mules. 
Group 28.— Cattle. 
Group 29. — Sheep. 

Group 30. — Goats, llama, camels and oth- 
er domesticated animals. 

Group 31. — Swine. 



Group 32.— Dogs. 

Group 33. — Cats, ferrets, rabbits, etc. 

Group 34. — Poultry and birds. 

Group 35. — Insects and insect products. 

Group 36. — Wild animals. 



Department D. — Fish, Fisheries, Fish Products and Apparatus of Fishing. 



Group 37. — Fish and other forms of aqua- 
tic life. 

Group 38. — Sea fishing and angling. 

Group 39. — Fresh water fishing and ang- 
ling. 



Group 40. — Products of the fisheries and 
their manipulation. 

Group 41. — Fish culture. 



Department E. — Mines, Mining and Metallurgy. 



Group 42. — Minerals, ores, native metals, 
gems and crystals. Geological specimens. 

Group 43. — Mineral combustibles — coal, 
coke, petroleum, natural gas, etc. 

Group 44. — Building stones, marbles, or- 
namental stones and quarrying products. 

Group 45. — Grinding, abraiding and 
polishing substances. 

Group 46. — Graphite and its products; 
clays and other fictile materials and their 
direct products. Asbestos, etc. 

Group 47. — Limestone, cements and arti- 
ficial stone. 

Group 48.— -Salts, sulphur, fertilizers, 
pigments, mineral waters and miscellane- 
ous useful minerals and compounds. 

Group 49. — Metallurgy of iron and steel 
with the products. 

Group 50. — Aluminium and its alloys. 

Group 51. — Copper and its alloys. Metal- 
lurgy. 



Metallurgy of tin, tinplate, 
of zinc, nickel 
and 



Group 52. 
etc. 

Group 53. — Metallurgy 
and cobalt. 

Group 54. — Metallurgy of antimony 
other metals not specially classed. 

Group 55. — Extraction of gold and silver 
by milling. 

Group 56. — Extraction of gold and silver 
by lixiviation. 

Group 57. — Extraction of gold, silver and 
lead by fire. 

Group 5S. — Quarrying and working stone. 

Group 59. — Placer, hydraulic and "drift" 
mining. 

Group 60. — Tools and appliances of un- 
derground mining, timbering and support- 
ing. 

Group 61.— Boring and drilling tools and 
machinery and apparatus for breaking out 
ore and coal 



28 



ISP if'- xy- X 55 9\1 ~j 







4- 



m 



fe^^v 




J. H. HILAND 

General Freight Agent 



GEO. H. HEAFFORD 

General Passenger and Ticket Agent 

CHICAGO, ILL. 



CLASSIFICATION. 



Group 62. — Pumps, engines and appara- 
tus used in mining for pumping, draining 
and hoisting. 

Group 63. — Moving, storing and deliver- 
ing ores, coals, etc. 

Group 64 — Apparatus for crushing and 
pulverizing. 

Group 65.— Sizing appliances. 
Department F.— Machinery. 

Group 69. — Motors and apparatus for the 
generation and transmission of power — 
hydraulic and pneumatic apparatus. 

Group 70. — Fire engines — apparatus and 
appliances for extinguishing fire. 

Group 71. — Machine tools and machines 
for working metals. 

Group 72. — Machinery for the manufact- 
ure of textile fabrics and clothing. 

Group 73. — Machines for working wood. 

Group 74. — Machines and apparatus for 
typesetting, printing, stamping, embossing 
and for making books and paper working. 



Group 66. — Assaying apparatus and fix- 
tures. 

Group 67. — History and literature of 
mining and metallurgy. 

Group 68. — Originals or reproductions 
of early and notable implements and ap- 
paratus used in mining and metallurgy. 



Group 75. — Lithography, zincography 
and color printing. 

Group 76. — Photo-mechanical and other 
mechanical processes of illustrating, etc. 

Group 77. — Miscellaneous hand tools, 
machines and apparatus used in various 
arts. 

Group 78. — Machines for working stone, 
clay and other minerals. (See also Depart- 
ment E. ) 

Group 79.— Machinery used in the prep- 
aration of foods, etc. 



Department G. — Transportation — Railways, Vessels, Vehicles. 



Railways, railway plant and 
-Street car and other short 



Group 80.- 
•equipment. 

Group 81. 
line systems. 

Group 82. — Miscellaneous and special 
railways. 

Group 83. — Vehicles and methods of 
transportation on common roads. 
Department H. — Manufactures. 

Group 87. — Chemical and pharmaceut- 
ical products. Druggists' supplies. 

Group 88. — Paints, dyes, colors and var- 
nishes. 

Group 89. — Typewriters, paper, blank 
books, stationery. 

Group 90. — Furniture of interiors, up- 
holstery and artistic decoration. 

Group 91. — Ceramics and mosaics for 
clays and other materials. 

Group 92. — Marble, stone and metal mon- 
uments, mausoleums, mantels, etc. Cas- 
kets, coffins and undertakers' furnishing 
goods. 

Group 93. — Art metal work, enamels, etc. 

Group 94. — Glass and glassware. 

Group 95. — Stained glass in decoration. 

Group 96. — Carvings in various mate- 
rials. 

Group 97. — Gold and silverware, plate, 
etc. 

Group 98. — Jewelry and ornaments. 

Group 99. — Horology, watches, clocks, 
etc. 

Group 100. — Silk and silk fabrics. 

Group 101. — Fabrics of jute, ramie and 
other vegetable and mineral fibres. 

Group 102. — Yarns and woven goods of 
cotton, linen and other vegetable fibres. 

Group 103. — Woven and felted goods of 
wool and mixtures of wool. 

Group 104. — Clothing and costumes. 

Group 105. — Furs and fur clothing. 

Group 106. — Laces, embroideries, trim- 
mings, artificial flowers, fans, etc. 



Group 84. — Aerial, pneumatic and other 
forms of transportation. 

Group 85. — Vessels, boats; marine, lake 
and river transportation. 

Group 86. — Naval warfare and coast de- 
fense. 



Group 107.— Hair work, coiffures and 
accessories of the toilet. 

Group 108. — Traveling equipments, va- 
lises, trunks, toilet cases, fancy leather 
work, canes, umbrellas, parasols, etc. 

Group 109.— Rubber goods, caoutchouc, 
gutta percha, celluloid and zylonite. 

Group 110.— Toys and fancy articles. 

Group 111. — Leather and manufactures 
of leather. 

Group 112.— Scales, weights and meas- 
ures. (See also Group 151.) 

Group 113.— Material of war; ordnance 
and ammunition. Weapons and apparatus 
of hunting, trapping, etc. Military and 
sporting small arms. 

Group 114. — Lighting apparatus and ap- 
pliances. 

Group 115. — Heating and cooking appa- 
ratus and appliances. 

Group 116. — Refrigerators, hollow metal 
ware, tinware, enameled ware. 

Group 117. — Wire goods and screens, 
perforated sheets, lattice work, fencing, 
etc. 

Group 118. — Wrought iron and thin 
metal exhibits. 

Group 119. — Vaults, safes, hardware, 
edge tools, cutlery. 

Group 120. — Plumbing and sanitary ma- 
terials. 

Group 121. — Miscellaneous articles of 
manufacture not heretofore classed. 



29 



CLASSIFICATION. 



Department J. — Electricity and Electrical 

Group 122. — Apparatus illustrating- the 
phenomena and laws of electricity and 
magnetism. 

Group 123. — Apparatus for electrical 
measurements. 

Grou 124. — Electric batteries, primary 
and secondary. 

Group 125. — Machines and appliances 
for producing electrical currents by me- 
chanical power — dynamical electricity. 

Group 126. — Transmission and regula- 
tion of the electrical current. 

Group 127.— Electric motors. 

Group 128. — Application of electric 
motors. 

Group 129. — Lighting by electricity. 

Group 130. — Heating by electricity. 

Department K. — Fine Arts. Painting 

Group 139. — Sculpture. 

Group 140. — Paintings in oil. 

Group 141. — Paintings in water colors. 

Group 142. — Paintings on ivory, enamel, 
metal, porcelain or other wares; fresco 
painting on walls. 

Group 143. — Engravings and etchings; 
prints. 

Department L. — Liberal Arts 
Music and the Drama. 

Group 147. — Physical development, 
training and condition; hygiene. 



Appliances. 

Group 131. — Electro-metallurgy and elec- 
tro-chemistry. 

Group 132. — Electric forging, welding, 
stamping, tempering, brazing, etc. 

Group 133. — Electric telegraph and elec- 
tric signals. 

Group 134. — The telephone and its ap- 
pliances. Phonographs. 

Group 135. — Electricity in surgery, den- 
tistry and therapeutics. 

Group 136. — Application of electricity in 
various ways not hereinbefore specified. 

Group 137. — History and statistics of 
electrical invention. 

Group 138. — Progress and development 
in electrical science and construction, as 
illustrated by models and drawings of va- 
rious countries. 



Sculpture, Architecture and Decoration. 

Group 144.— Chalk, charcoal, pastel and 
other drawings. 

Group 145. — Antique and modern carv- 
ings, engravings in medallions or in gems; 
cameos, intaglios. 

Group 146. — Exhibits of private collec- 
tions. 



Education, Literature, Engineering, Public Works, 



Group 148. — Instruments and apparatus 
of medicine, surgery and prosthesis. 

Group 149. — Primary, secondary and su- 
perior education. 

Group 150. — Literature, books, libraries, 
journalism. 

Group 151. — Instruments of precision, 
experiment, research and photography; 
photographs. 

Group 152. — Civil engineering, public 
works, constructive architecture. 



Group 153. — Government and law. 

Group 154. — Commerce, trade and bank- 
ing. 

Group 155. — Institutions and organiza- 
tions for the increase and diffusion of 
knowledge. 

Group 156. — Social, industrial and co-op- 
erative associations. 

Group 157. — Religious organizations and 
systems, statistics and publications. 

Group 158. — Music and musical instru- 
ments; the theatre. 



Department M. — Ethnology, Archaeology 

Group 159. — Views, plans or models of 
prehistoric architectural monuments and 
habitations. 

Group 160. — Furniture and clothing of 
aboriginal, uncivilized and but partly civil- 
ized races. 

Group 161. — Implements of war and the 
chase. (See also Groups 86 and 113.) 

Group 162. — Tools and implements of in- 
dustrial operations. 

Group 163. — Athletic exercises, games. 

Group 164. — Objects of spiritual signifi- 
cance and veneration, representations of 
deities, appliances of worship. 

Group 165. — -Historic archaeology, ob- 
jects illustrating the progress of nations. 

Group 166. — Models and representations 
of ancient vessels, particularly of the 
period of the discovery of America. 

Group 167. — Reproductions of ancient 
maps, charts and apparatus of navigation. 

Group 168. — Models and representations 



T , Progress of Labor and Invention, 
of ancient buildings, cities or monuments 
of the historic period anterior to the dis- 
covery of America. 

Group 169. — Models and representations 
of habitations and dwellings built since the 
discovery of America. 

Group 170. — Originals, copies, models or 
graphic representations of notable inven- 
tions. 

Group 171. — Objects illustrating gener- 
ally the progress of the amelioration of the 
conditions of life and labor. 

Group 172.— Woman's work. 

Group 173. — State, national and foreign 
government exhibits. 

Group 174. — The North American Indian. 

Group 175. — Portraits, busts and statues 
of great inventors and others who have 
contributed largely to the progress of civil- 
ization and the well being of man. 

Group 176. — Isolated and collective ex- 
hibits. 



30 




§»<*£„ 




W. H. Emery, President 

W. H. Preble, Sec'y and Treas. 
A. B. Spurling, Vice-President 




The Only Ma 



Established 1878 

Incorporated 1S79 



= C TU RERS 



tub cnicago Rawnifle mfg. Company 



fl ANUFlCTUfiERS OF 



RAWHIDE BELTING, LACE LEATHER, ROPE 

Lariats, Fly-Nets. Picker Leather. Stock and Farm Whips. Washers. Hame Straps. Halters and 
other Rawhide Goods ot all Kinds, by Kmeger's Patent, Rawhide Pinions and Mabb 
Rawhide Hydraulic Packing a specialty 
This Belting and Lace Leather is not affected by steam or dampness; has more grip than any other; never 
becomes hard; is stronger, more durable and the most economical Belting made. Especially adapted for the 
Southern trade on account of its resistance to moisture. The Rawhide Rope for Round Belting Transmission 
is SUPERIOR TO ALL OTHERS. 

Nos. 73 and 75 Ohio Street, CHICAGO 



Sprague, Smitti & Co. 

WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

POLISHED PLATE GLASS 

WINDOW GLASS „ ......... 

ROUGH AND FIBBED GLASS 
^SKYLIGHTS 

CUT. ENAMELED 
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FRENCH PLATE 
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207-209 
RANDOLPH ST. 



CHICAGO 



John Alston 

President 



Alexander Squair 

Sec'v and Treas. 



ESTABLISHED 1848 



tub Alston mfg. do. 

CHICAGO 

Importers and Manufacturers of 

Colors " j 
Paints 

GROUND IN OIL, IN JAPAN AND 
IN VARNISH 



Chemically Pure Ready-Mixed Paints, Dipping 
Paints and Primers, all Shades 

PAINT FACTORY 

COLOR WORKS AND WADE, CURRIER «n. 

LINSEED OIL MILL CRITTENDEN STS. 



And Wis. Div. N. W. R'y. 



RULES AND REGULATIONS. 



General, Rules and Regulations. 

Rule 1. Exhibitors will not be charged for space. A limited amount of power will 
be supplied gratuitously. This amount will be settled definitely at the time space is 
allotted. Power in excess of that allowed will be furnished by the Exposition at a fixed 
price. Demands for such excess must be made before the allotment of space. 

Rule 2. Any single piece, or section, of any exhibit of greater weight than 30,000 
pounds will not be accepted if machinery is required for its installation. 

Rule 3. Exhibitors must provide, at their own expense, all show-cases, cabinets, 
shelving, counters, fittings, etc., which they may require, and all countershafts, pulleys, 
belting, etc., for the transmission of power from the main shafts. 

RULE 4. Exhibitors will be confined to such exhibits as are specified in their applica- 
tion. When the allotment of space is definitely made, exhibitors will be notified of their 
allotment of space and its location, and will be furnished with a permit to occupy such 
space, subject to the general rules and regulations adopted for the government of the Ex- 
position and the special rules governing the Department in which their exhibit will be 
made. 

RULE 5. Special rules will be issued governing each Department and the sale of 
articles within the buildings or on the grounds. 

Rule 6. Decorations, signs, dimensions of cabinets, shelving, counters, etc., and the 
arrangement of the exhibits must conform to the general plan adopted by the Director • 
General. 

RULE 7. Reasonable precautions will be taken for the preservation of exhibits, but 
the World's Columbian Exposition will not be responsible for any damage to, or for the 
loss or destruction of, an exhibit, resulting from any cause. 

RULE 8. — All packages containing exhibits intended for the several Departments must 
be addressed to the "Director-General, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, 
U. S. A." In addition, the following information must be written on the outside of each 
package : 

(a.) Department in which exhibit is to be installed. 
(6.) The State or Territory from which the package comes, 
(c. ) The name and address of the exhibitor. 
(d. ) The number of the permit for space. 

(e.) Total number of packages sent by the same exhibitor. The serial number must 
be marked on each package and a list of the contents enclosed in each package. Freight 
must be prepaid. 

Rule 9. Favorable terms will be arranged by which exhibitors may insure their own 
goods. Exhibitors may employ watchmen of their own choice to guard their goods during 
the hours the Exposition is open to the public. Such watchmen will be subject to the 
rules and regulations governing employes of the Exposition. 

Rule 10. The expense of transporting, receiving, unpacking and arranging exhibits, 
as well as their removal at the close of the Exposition, shall be paid by the exhibitor. 

Rule 11. If no authorized person is at hand to take charge of exhibits within a rea- 
sonable time after arrival at the Exposition buildings, they will be removed and stored at 
the cost and risk of whomsoever it may concern. 

Rule 12. The installation of heavy articles requiring foundations should, by special 
arrangement, begin as soon as the progress of the work on the buildings will permit. The 
general reception of articles at the Exposition buildings will commence November 1st, 
1892, and no article will be admitted after April 10th, 1893. Space not taken possession of 
April 1st, 1893, will revert to the Director-General for re-assignment. 

Rule 13. If exhibits are intended for competition it must be so stated by the exhib- 
itor, or they will be excluded from examination for award. 

Rule 14. The Chief of each Department will provide cards of uniform size and char- 
acter, which may be affixed to exhibits, and on which will be stated only the exhibitor's 
name and address, the name of the object or article exhibited, and its catalogue number. 

Rule 15. Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also patent medicines, 
nostrums and empirical preparations whose ingredients are concealed, will not be admit- 
ted to the Exposition. 

Rule 16. Exhibitors' business cards and brief descriptive circulars only may be 
placed within such exhibitors' space for distribution. The right is reserved by the 
Director-General to restrict or discontinue this privilege whenever, in his judgment, it is 
carried to excess or becomes an annoyance to visitors. 

Rule 17. The Chief of each Department, with the approval of the Director-General, 
has the power to order the removal of any article he may consider dangerous, detrimental 
to, or incompatible with the object or decorum of the Exposition, or the comfort and safety 
of the public. 

RULE 18. Exhibitors will be held responsible for the cleanliness of their exhibits and 
the space surrounding the same. All exhibits must be in complete order each day, at least 
thirty minutes before the hour of opening. No work of this character will be permitted 

31 



RULES AND REGULATIONS. 



during- the hours the building is open to the public. In case of failure on the part of any 
exhibitor to observe this rule, the Chief of the Department may adopt such means to 
enforce the same as circumstances may suggest. 

Rule 19. The removal of exhibits will not be permitted prior to the close of the Ex- 
position. 

Rule 20. Sketches, drawings, photographs or other reproductions of articles to be ex- 
hibited, will only be allowed upon the joint assent of the exhibitor and Director-General ; 
but general views of portions of the interiors of the buildings may be made by the approval 
of the Director-General. 

Rule 21. Immediately after the close of the Exposition, exhibitors must remove 
their effects, and complete such removal before January 1st, 1894. Goods then remaining 
will be removed and disposed of under the direction of the World's Columbian Exposition. 

Rule 22. An official catalogue will be published in English, French, German and 
Spanish. The sale of catalogues is reserved exclusively by the Exposition Company. 

Rule 23. Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby agrees to conform strictly 
to the Rules and Regulations established for the government of the Exposition. 

Rule 24. Communications concerning the Exposition, applications for space, and ne- 
gotiations relative thereto, should be addressed to the " Director-General, World's Colum- 
bian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A." 

Rule 25. The management reserves the right to construe, amend, or add to, all 
Rules and Regulations, whenever it may be deemed necessary for the interest of the Expo- 
sition. 

GEORGE R. DAVIS, Director-General 

General Regulations for Foreign Exhibitors. 

1. The Exhibition will be held on the shore of Lake Michigan, in the City of Chicago, 
and will be opened on the 1st day of May, 1893, and closed on the 30th day of October fol- 
lowing. 

2. All governments have been invited to appoint Commissions for the purpose of 
organizing their departments of the Exhibition. The Director-General should be notified 
of the appointment of such foreign Commissions as soon as the appointment is made. 

Diagrams of the buildings and grounds will be furnished to the foreign Commissions 
on or before January 1, 1892, indicating the localities to be occupied by each nation, sub- 
ject, however, to revision and readjustment. 

3. Applications for space and negotiations relative thereto must be conducted with 
the Commission of the country where the article is produced. 

4. Foreign Commissions are requested to notify the Director-General not later than 
June 1. 1892, whether they desire any increase or diminution of the space offered them, 
and the amount. 

5. Before November 1. 1892. the foreign Commissions must furnish the Director-Gen- 
eral with approximate plans showing the manner of allotting the space assigned to them, 
and also with lists of their exhibitors and other information necessary for the preparation 
of the official catalogue. 

Products brought into the United States at the ports of Portland, Maine, Boston. New 
York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Tampa, New Orleans, San Francisco, Wilmington, Port- 
land, Oregon, Port Townsend, Wash., Seattle, Wash., Tacoma, Wash., and Chicago. III., 
or at any other port of entry intended for display at the International Exhibition, will be 
allowed to go forward to the Exhibition building, under proper supervision of customs 
officers, without examination at such ports of original entry, and at the close of the Exhi- 
tion will be allowed to go forward to the port from which they are to be exported. No 
duties will be levied upon such goods, unless entered for consumption in the United 
States. 

6. The transportation, receiving, unpacking and arranging of the products for exhi- 
bition will be at the expense of the exhibitor. 

7. The installation of heavy articles requiring special foundations or adjustment 
should, by special arrangement, begin as soon as the progress of the work upon the build- 
ings will permit. The general reception of articles at the Exhibition buildings will com- 
mence on November 1, 1892, and no article will be admitted after April 10, 1893. 

8. Space assigned to foreign Commissions and not occupied on the 10th day of April. 
1893, will revert to the Director-General for readjustment. 

9. If products are intended for competition it must be so stated by the exhibitor : if 
not, they will be excluded from the examination by the international juries. 

10. An Official Catalogue will be published in English, French. German and Spanish. 
The sale of catalogues is reserved to the World's Columbian Exposition. 

The twelve departments of the classification which will determine the relative location 
of articles in the Exhibition — except in such collective exhibits as may receive special 
sanction — also the arrangement of names in the catalogue, are as follows: 

A. Agricultui-e, Forest Products, Forestry. Machinery and Appliances. 

B. Viticulture, Horticulture, Floriculture. 

32 



RULES AND REGULATIONS. 



C. Live Stock: Domestic and Wild Animals. 

D. Fish, Fisheries, Fish Products and Apparatus for Fishing. 

E. Mines, Alining and Metallurgy. 

F. Machinery. 

G. Transportation: Railways, Vessels, Vehicles. 
H. Manufactures. 

J. Electricity. 

K. Fine Arts : Pictorial, Plastic and Decorative. 

L. Liberal Arts : Education, Engineering, Public Works, Architecture, Music and 
the Drama. 

M. Ethnology, Archaeology, Progress of Labor and Invention, Isolated and Collective 
Exhibits. 

11. Foreign Commissions may publish catalogues of their respective sections. 

12. Exhibitors will not be charged for space. 

A limited quantity of steam and water power will be supplied gratuitously. The 
■quantity of each will be settled definitely at the time of the allotment of space. Any 
power required by the exhibitor in excess of that allowed will be furnished by the World's 
Columbian Exposition at a fixed price. Demands for such excess of power must also be 
settled at the time of the allotment of space. 

13. Exhibitors must provide at their own cost all show cases, shelving, counters, fittings, 
etc., which they may require, and all countershafts, with their pulleys, belting, etc., for 
the transmission of power from the main shafts in the building where the exhibit is located. 
All arrangements of articles and decorations must be in conformity with the general plan 
adopted by the Director-General. 

The World's Columbian Exposition will take precautions for the safe preservation of 
all objects in the Exhibition; but it will in no way be responsible for damage or loss of 
any kind, or for accidents by fire or otherwise, however originating. 

14. Favorable facilities will be arranged by which exhibitors or foreign Commissions 
may insure their own goods. 

Foreign Commissions may employ watchmen of their own choice to guard their 
goods during the hours the Exhibition is open to the public, subject to the rules and regu- 
lations of the Exposition. 

15. Foreign Commissions, or such agents as they may designate, shall be responsible 
for the receiving, unpacking and arrangement of objects, as well as for the removal at the 
close of the Exposition; but no person shall he permitted to act as such agent until he can 
give to the Director-General written evidence of his having been approved by the proper 
Commission. 

16. Each package must be addressed "To the Commission (name of country) at the 
World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, United States of America," and should have at 
least two labels affixed to different but not opposite sides of each case, and give the follow- 
ing information: 

17. (1) The country from which it comes; (2) Name of firm of the exhibitor; (3) Res- 
idence of the exhibitor; (4) Department to which objects belong; (5) Total number of pack- 
ages sent by that exhibitor; (6) Serial number of that particular package. 

18. Within each package should be a list of all objects. 

19. If no authorized person is at hand to receive goods on their arrival at the Exposi- 
tion buildings, they will be removed without delay and stored at the risk and cost of 
whomsoever it may concern. 

20. Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also patent nostrums and 
empirical preparations, whose ingredients are concealed, will not be admitted. 

21. The removal of goods on exhibition will not be permitted prior to the close of the 
Exhibition. 

22. Sketches, drawings, photographs, or other reproductions of articles exhibited will 
only be allowed upon the joint assent of the exhibitor and Director-General; but views of 
portions of the building may be made upon the Director-General's sanction. 

23. Immediately after the close of the Exhibition exhibitors shall remove their effects, 
and complete such removal before January 1, 1894; goods then remaining will be removed 
and sold for expenses, or otherwise disposed of under the direction of the World's Colum- 
bian Exposition. 

24. Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby acknowledges and agrees to be 
governed by the rules and regulations established for the government of the Exhibition. 

Special regulations will be issued concerning the exhibition of fine arts, awards, the 
organization of the international juries, and sale of special articles within the buildings, 
and on other points not touched upon in these preliminary instructions. 

25. All communications concerning the Exhibition will be addressed to the Director- 
General, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A. 

The management reserves the right to explain or amend these regulations whenever 
it may be deemed necessary for the interest of the Exhibition. 

George R. Davis, Director-General. 



33 



RULES AND REGULATIONS. 



Regulations Governing the Free Importation of Articles for Exhibition. 

Treasury, Department. 

Office of the Secretary, 

Washington, D. C, November 5, 1S91. 

On April 25, 1890, the President of the United States approved an act passed by the 
Congress, providing 1 for celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of 
America by Columbus, which act contains the following preamble : 

"Whereas it is fit and appropriate that the four hundredth anniversary of the discov- 
ery of America be commemorated by an exhibition of the resources of the United States of 
America, their development, and of the progress of civilization in the new world; and 

"Whereas such an exhibition should be of a national and international character, so- 
that not only the people of our Union and this continent, but those of all nations as well, can 
participate, and should therefore have the sanction of the Congress of the United States." 

And Section 11 of said act is as follows: 

"That all articles which shall be imported from foreign countries for the sole purpose 
of exhibition at said Exposition upon which there shall be a tariff or customs duty, shall 
be admitted free of payment of duty, customs fees, or charges under such regulations as 
the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe; but it shall be lawful at any time during the 
exhibition to sell for delivery at the close of the Exposition any goods or property imported 
for and actually on exhibition in the Exposition buildings or on its grounds, subject to 
such regulations for the security of the revenue and for the collection of the import duths 
as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe: Provided, That all such articles when 
sold or withdrawn for consumption in the United States shall be subject to the duty, if any, 
imposed upon such articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of importation, and all 
penalties prescribed by law shall be applied and enforced against such articles and against 
the persons who may be guilty of any illegal sale or withdrawal. " 

Under the authority conferred upon him by the above section and by previous statutes 
of the United States, the Secretary of the Treasury prescribes the following regulations, 
viz.: 

1. It is the purpose of this Department to secure expedition and security to all articles 
imported for exhibition at the Chicago Exposition, without the exaction of custom duties, 
fees, or charges, and to arrange the proceedings on entry so as to afford the utmost con- 
venience and dispatch. 

2. In order to obtain the benefits of this arrangement, every package destined for the 
Exposition should have affixed to it by the foreign shipper one or more labels representing 
the flag of the country to which it belongs. This label should be about 8 by 12 inches in 
size, and should bear across the face, in plain black letters, the inscription " Exposition at 
Chicago." 

All packages should be plainly marked, as follows: 

(1) "'Collector of Customs, Chicago." 

(2) " Exhibits for Columbian Exposition." 

(3) Name of consignee or agent at the port of first arrival in the United States. 

(4) The shipping marks and numbers of the exhibitor. 

(5) Name and address of the exhibitor. 

3. Every foreign exhibitor will prepare, in duplicate, a statement in the form of an 
invoice, which shall show the name of the exhibitor, the marks and numbers of the pack- 
ages, with a description of their contents and a declaration of the quantity and the market 
value of each separate kind thereof in the country of production. This statement must be 
signed by the exhibitor, but will require no further verification. One of the invoices will 
be transmitted by mail to the Collector of Customs at Chicago, and the other to the con- 
signee of goods at the port of first arrival. 

4. As a matter of convenience, it is recommended that all packages intended for the 
Exposition shall be consigned to an agent or forwarder or commissioner, at the port of 
first arrival, who will attend to customs business incident to the transfer of packages from 
the importing vessel to a bonded route for transportation to Chicago. 

All the bonded transportation lines will discharge their freight at stations in Chicago 
to be arranged within the Exposition grounds, and packages marked as suggested in Article 
2 may be taken to their respective divisions as soon as they have been identified by the 
customs officers. 

5. The following list of companies, bonded for the transportation of merchandise to 
Chicago, without appraisement, is furnished for the information of parties whom it may 
concern : 

From Portland, Me.— Grand Trunk Railway Company, of Canada; American Express 
Company. 

From Boston, Mass. — Central Vermont Railroad Company; American Express Company; 
New York and New England Railroad Company: the Fitchburg Railroad Company; Mer- 
chants' Despatch Transportation Company; Bos'ton and Maine Railroad Company. 

34 




fr^' 



3 S Pllr 



felf 




31 !l aca»-'! 



< J' .J; 




Rappleye Plating & mfg. Co. 

16 CUSTOM HOUSE PLACE, 

CHICAGO. ILL. 

Electro Platers ofArchitectura! IronWork 



ALSO OF 

GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, BRASS, 
BRONZE AND NICKEL. 

All the Imported Finishes on Metal in Art, and any 
other Finishes known to Metal. 



CORNELIUS CURTIS, 

WHOLESALE 

Sash, Doors, Bunds 

Mouldings, Stair Work, Etc. .' 



FIRST-CLASS goods and PROMPT shipments. 

Estimates and Price Lists furnished on application. 

Correspondence Solicited. 



W. TWENTY-SECOND AND FISKSTS. 



CHICAGO. 




THE 



• • 



ByfkitHall 

Sfieatfiing 
Latn 



ayes 



The most practical and 
common sense lath made. 
Gives benefits and advant- 
. had with any other lath. 
Makes every house wanner, stronger and 
dryer. Is much cheaper and better than 
wire or metal lath; used for exterior as well, 
as interior work, and it gives the very best 
foundation for Adamant, Acme or Portland 
Cement or any hard plaster. 

Endorsed by the leading architects and build- 
ers, and has been used in thousands of build- 
ings all over the country. Can be supplied by 
all lumber dealers. 

Be Sure and see our exhibit at the World's 
Columbian Exposition. 
Send for circulars, samples and prices. 

The Byrkit-Hall Sheathing Lath Co. 

230-236 LA SALLE STREET. 

CHICAGO, ILL~ 



A. F. FISHER & CO. 



LUM B ER 



LATr- 



SHINGLES • PICKETS 
MOULDINGS 

CORRESPONDENCE INVITED. 
SEND FOR DELIVERED LIST. 



To reach our Yard take State street Cable and transfer 
to 35th street Horse Car. 



35th:& IRON STS., r CHICAGO. 



RULES AND REGULATIONS. 



From New York, N. Y. — Pennsylvania Company; American Express Company; Penn- 
sylvania Railroad Company; New York, West Shore and Buffalo Railroad Company; Mich- 
igan Central Railroad Company; Merchants' Despatch Transportation Company; New 
York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad Company; Central Vermont Railroad Company; 
Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Company; Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company; Wells, 
Fargo & Co.; Lehigh Valley Railroad Company; West Shore Railroad Company; Dela- 
ware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company; United States Express Company. 

From Philadelphia, Pa. — Pennsylvania Company; Pennsylvania Railroad Company; 
Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company; Merchants' Despatch Transpor- 
tation Company; Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. 

From Baltimore, Md. — Baltimore and Ohio Company; Northern Central Railway 
Company. 

From Norfolk, Va.— Norfolk and Westei-n Railroad Company. 

From Newport News, Va. — Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company. 

From Key West, Fla. — Plant Investment Company. 

From Mobile, Ala. — Mobile and Ohio Railroad Company. 

From New Orleans, La. — Morgan's Louisiana and Texas Railroad and Steamship Com- 
pany; St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway Company; Illinois Central Railroad 
Company; Louisville, New Orleans and Texas Railway Company; Texas and Pacific Rail- 
way Company; Southern Pacific Company; Mobile and Ohio Railroad Company. 

From Galveston, Tex. — St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway Company; 
Southern Pacific Company. 

From Saa Francisco, Cal. — The Central Pacific Railroad Company; Southern Pacific 
Company; Wells, Fargo & Co. 

F'-om Port Townsend, Welsh. — Northern Pacific Railroad Company. 

Fi'om Portland, Oregon. — Northern Pacific Railroad Company; Oregon Short and Utah 
Northern Railway Company. 

From Port Huron, Mich. — Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway Company. 

From Detroit, Mich. — Michigan Central Railroad Company; Lake Shore and Michigan 
Southern Railway Company; Wabash Railroad Company. 

6. The consignee of the merchandise at the first port of arrival must present at the 
customs-house the invoice above described with a bill of lading and an entry in duplicate 
made out upon the special form to be provided for this purpose by the Treasury Depart- 
ment, which shall show the name of the foreign shipper or owner, the name of the import- 
ing vessel, the marks and numbers of the packages, with a statement of the nature of their 
contents and of their foreign value, as declared in the invoice. The entry must also indi- 
cate the bonded route by which the goods are to be transported to Chicago, and must be 
signed by the consignee. No other declaration will be required. The goods will be con- 
signed, on the customs entry, to "Collector of Customs, Chicago," and there need be no 
computation of duties upon this entry, but the amount charged against the bond of the 
transportation company shall be double the invoice value. 

7. The collector will thereupon issue a special permit bearing the words "'Chicago 
Exposition," authorizing the transfer of the goods from the ship to the bonded railroad for 
transportation to Chicago, and will record and file one of the entries in his office and send 
the other by mail, with the invoice, to the Collector at Chicago. 

8. The permit will be taken by the agent or consignee to the inspector on board the 
importing vessel, who will thereupon send the goods, by a cartman duly licensed, to be de- 
livered under the supervision of a customs officer to the transportation company. 

9. The consignee will also prepare a manifest of the goods, which, after being duly 
certified, will be handed to the conductor of the car carrying the same, and a duplicate 
copy must be sent by mail to the Collector of Customs at Chicago. Upon arrival at Chicago 
of any car containing such articles, the conductor or agent of the railroad company will 
report such arrival by the presentation of the manifest to the customs officers designated 
to receive it, who shall compare the same with the copy received by mail, and superintend 
the opening of the car, taking care to identify the packages by marks and numbers as de- 
scribed in the manifests. In case of the non-receipt of the manifests, the unlading of cars 
need not, for that reason, be delayed, but the invoice may be used to identify the packages. 

10. Articles sent by foreign governments to the Exposition, which are used solely for 
government purposes and are not intended for sale, will be admitted to entry at the exte- 
rior port of arrival on certificates of the proper foreign Commissioner, without the produc- 
tion of invoice. But it is desired that the estimated value of each package shall be stated 
on the certificate or the bill of lading, in order that the pecuniary responsibility of the 
transportation company may be fixed. 

11. These regulations will also apply to goods sent to the Exposition from foreign con- 
tiguous territory. All articles destined for the Exposition arriving from Canada on 
through cars under consular seal, and articles which are sent direct by vessel from any 
foreign port to Chicago, must be consigned by the foreign shipper to the " Collector of Cus- 
toms " at that port, and on entry being made, as in the case of goods arriving at the seaboard, 
a permit will be issued for the transfer of the goods directly to the Exposition grounds. 

35 



RULES AND REGULATIONS. 



12. The buildings and spaces set apart for the purposes of the Exposition are consti- 
tuted " constructive bonded warehouses and yards."" and all foreign articles placed therein 
under the supervision of the customs officers, and which have been specially imported for 
exhibition therein, will be treated the same as merchandise in bond. No warehouse entry 
will be required at Chicago in order to obtain entrance for such goods, but the latter will 
be kept under customs supervision, in accordance with the general regulations govern- 
ing merchandise in bonded warehouses, except as herein otherwise provided for. The Col- 
lector at Chicago will keep a special record, in the form of a warehouse ledger, of every 
invoice, assigning serial numbers to the same in order of their reception, and the trans- 
portation entry received from the collector at the port of arrival will be considered the 
warehouse entry. 

13. After the packages have been placed in the respective positions assigned to them 
by the officers of the Exposition, they will be opened by an officer of the customs, who 
shall primarily identify the contents with the invoice only as to quantity and character. 
Due examination of the contents and appraisement of values will be subsequently made by 
the appraiser, who shall be furnished with the invoice of the articles to be appraised, and 
shall indorse his report of appraisement upon such invoice in like manner as if such 
articles were regularly entered for consumption or warehouse. The entry will then be 
liquidated, the full amount of duties ascertained, and the whole transaction entered upon 
the prescribed record. All the proceedings relating to the examination, appraisement 
and liquidation shall be the same as on ordinary importations. 

14. As, under the United States tariff, the cost of packages is made a part of the duti- 
able value of imported goods, the empty boxes, barrels and casks from which imported 
articles have been taken in order to be displayed should be carefully preserved so as to be 
repacked for exportation at the close of the Exposition. Dutiable packing cases not ex- 
ported will be subject to the payment of duty. It is expected that a place will be provided 
for the storage of such empty packages, and the latter should be recorded and numbered 
for identification. 

15. Packages containing articles imported for gratuitous distribution, or for actual 
use and consumption in restaurants, refreshment rooms, etc., must be regularly entered for 
consumption and duty paid thereon before being delivered by the customs officers. 

16. The articles after having been received in the Exposition will remain under the 
custody of the customs officers, and must not be removed from the place assigned without 
a permit from the Collector of Customs or the officer who may be designated by him to 
grant such permit. In no case shall such articles be released from the custody of the cus- 
toms officers, unless the same shall have been regularly withdrawn for consumption, for 
warehouse or for export. 

The requisite number of customs inspectors will be stationed at every place containing 
foreign exhibits, each of whom will be placed in charge of a section, which shall be num- 
bered and designated as a customs divisions. 

A list of the articles entered for exhibit in his section will be furnished to each of such 
inspectors, who shall retain a copy thereof, certify the original and transmit it to the 
collector. 

17. Sales may be made, during the Exposition, of articles imported for exhibition, but 
deliveries of the same will be allowed only at the close of the Exposition. For this purpose 
a regular withdrawal as from bond will be required, and duty must be paid according to 
law. In case the articles are sold for delivery at some port other than Chicago, a with- 
drawal may be made for transportation and re-warehouse, duty to be paid at the place of 
destination. Any exhibitor of articles which shall be sold may authorize withdrawal of 
same by the purchaser, such authority to be contained in a written notice to the Collector 
at Chicago. After the filing of such notice the person specified in the same shall be 
recognized as entitled to all the rights and subject to all the liabilities of the original 
importer. 

18. Withdrawal from bond cannot be made for less than one entire package, but in 
case of accidental damage or destruction it is not intended to assess duties upon such arti- 
cles as shall not have entered into actual consumption in this country. On articles which 
shall have suffered diminution or deterioration from incidental handling and necessary 
exposure, the duty, if paid, will be assessed according to the appraised value at the time 
of withdrawal for consumption. 

19. At the close of the Exposition all goods intended for exportation will be trans- 
ported in bond to the seaboard or exterior port and exported therefrom under the general 
regulations for immediate export in bond, as modified by special regulations to be indue 
time provided. 

20. Any exhibitor who may import merchandise in excess of that which he desires to 
place on view in the Exposition may make regular warehouse entry of the same on its 
arrival at Chicago, whereupon it shall be taken to a United States bonded warehouse and 
stored without payment of duty, subject to the regulations provided for bonded goods. 

Withdrawals of merchandise stored under these conditions, if made lor the purpose of 
placing the same within the Exposition, will be treated under the provisions for entry on 

36 




J 



RULES AND REGULATIONS. 



arrival at first port of entry and no duty will be required to be paid. Such merchandise 
must be delivered at the Exposition in charge of a customs officer. 

Should any merchandise be abandoned by the owner at the close of the Exposition, it 
will be placed in a general-order warehouse for twelve months, and, if then unclaimed, will 
be sold for account of the owner. 

21. The privileges granted by virtue of these regulations are intended solely for the 
benefil of exhibitors at the World's Columbian Exposition, and with the view of relieving 
them, so far as practicable, of delays and vexations in connection with the customs lousiness 
pertaining to their importations. 

Any attempt to take advantage of these regulations in order to evade the tariff laws 
of the United States will subject the offender to all the penalties prescribed by those laws,, 
including confiscation of goods and fine and imprisonment. 

•21. The regulations issued by this department on January", 1891, are hereby revoked, 
and the foregoing adopted in lieu thereof. 

Charles Foster, 

Secretary. 

FixeArts. — The Fine Art Works will be arranged in a building erected especially 
for the purpose. The structure will be of modern style, and built with stone, iron, brick 
and glass, being thoroughly fire-proof, and adapted in every respect to all the requirements 
of this department. The interior arrangements will be designed with a view of affording 
unusual and superior facilities for the proper display and safety of all works of Art. 

General Regulations. 

First. The Exposition will be opened on the 1st day of -May, 189 3, and closed on the 
30th day of October following. 

Second. Works of Art will be admitted for exhibition, whether previously exhibited 
or not. 

Third. — No charge will be made for space. 

FOURTH. — All works of Art must be of the highest order of merit, and whether pro- 
duced by citizens of the United States, or works of foreign artists, belonging to residents of 
the United States, will be admitted on the approval of the Committee of Selection. 

Fifth. The installation of the works of Art admitted to the Exposition will be under 
the supervision of the Chief of the Department of Fine Arts, and such assistant as he may 
appoint. 

Sixth. Packages forwarded by exhibitors in the United States for admission to this, 
department must be marked '-'Art Department, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago." 
There must also be attached to the outside and inside of each package a label giving the 
name and address of the exhibitor, and the title and number of articles in the package. 
Cases containing pictures should have the name and address of the exhibitor on the outside 
and inside of the cover; also on the inside of the case, the number of pictures, and title of 
each. On the back of each picture and frame there should be attached a label, giving the 
name of the artist, the title and the name and address of the exhibitor. 

Seventh. All pictures, round or oval, should be placed in square frames. Excessive 
breadths in frames or projecting mouldings should be avoided. Shadow boxes will not be 
allowed to project more than one inch beyond the frame. Glass over oil-paintings will only 
be allowed by special permission. 

Eighth. —Works of Art intended for sale will be so designated in the Official Catalogue. 

Ninth. Works intended for competition must be so stated by the exhibitor, or they 
will be excluded from the examination by the jury. 

Tenth. All works of Art must be in Chicago prior to March 1, 1893. and after having 
been admitted under the rules, cannot be removed before the close of the exhibition. 
Applicants will be notified of the time and place to present their work to the Committee on 
Selection for examination. 

Eleventh. Each person presenting works of Art for admission thereby agrees to- 
comply with the special rules established for this depai tment and the general rules for the 
government of the Exposition. 

Geo. R. Davis. 

Director- Gent ml. 

Rules and Regulations Governing State Exhibits. 

Rules and Regulations adopted by the Board of Reference and Control of the World's 
Columbian Commission and the Board of Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition, 
for the establishment and maintenance of separate State exhibits. 

First. All exhibits intended to be competitive and within the jurisdiction of juries cr 
committees authorized to award prizes must be located in some one of the general Exposi- 
tion buildings, and be grouped according to the official classification, except such exhibits 
as can only be properly and advantageously displayed in the grounds; provided. however, 



RULES AND REGULATIONS. 



that this exception shall only operate in those cases where, in the judgment of the Direc- 
tor-General, he shall deem it expedient to grant the express permission. 

Second. Each of the States of the Union, the Territories and the District of Colum- 
bia, shall be entitled to erect and maintain on the Exposition grounds, a building for the 
use of State, Territory, or District of Columbia (or two or more States or Territories, if so 
desired, may erect and maintain a building in common), and each State or Territory desir- 
ing to erect such a building (or two or moi'e proposing to erect a building to be used in 
common), shall, through their official representatives or their State World's Fair Boards, 
file with the Director-General an application, in writing, for ground space for such build- 
ing, and, as soon as possible, give a general description of the character and style of the 
building proposed to be erected, and the sum of money appropriated for the construction 
thereof ; and after the ground space shall have been allotted, as hereinafter provided, and 
before any occupation thereof, there shall be filed with the Chief of the Bureau of Construc- 
tion detailed plans and specifications for each such proposed building, and when such 
plans and specifications shall have been approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Construc- 
tion and by the Director-General, a permit to erect the building shall be issued by the last- 
named officer. 

Third. That, preparatory to the assignment of ground space for State buildings, the 
Director-General, after conference with, and the concurrence of, the Grounds and Build- 
ings Committee of the Exposition, shall cause the States and Territories of the Union to be 
grouped in such manner as shall appear most likely to produce the best results to the Expo- 
sition as a whole, and shall allot suitable ground space to each of such groups; and after 
such allotment shall be made, the space in each allotment shall be again properly subdi- 
vided so as to provide suitable independent location for each such State or Territory (or 
any two or more of them desiring a location in common), and the location of each individual 
State or Territory (or any two or more of them desiring a location in common), within the 
territorial space assigned to that group wherein they are included, shall be determined in 
the order of their application; subject, however, to harmony of grouping of buildings, 
which shall be determined by the Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Director- 
General. 

Fourth. That correct plans and specifications for every State building, as approved 
by the Chief of the Bureau of Construction and the Director- General, shall, before the issu- 
ance of the permit, be filed in the office of the Director-General and Chief of the Bureau of 
Construction, and be preserved as a record of the Exposition. 

Fifth. That, in the construction of said State buildings, each State or Territory may 
use such material or materials produced in such State or Territory as the State Board 
shall determine, with a view of promoting a full exhibition of the structural materials pro- 
duced in such State or Territory. 

Sixth. Such State buildings shall be maintained as a State or Territorial headquar- 
ters, under the control of the State Board, but subject to the rules and regulations govern- 
ing the Exposition, for the convenience and entertainment of residents of the particular 
State or Territory, and the reception and entertainment of their friends and such guests as 
they may invite to share the hospitality of such State or Territory; and shall also, if 
desired by the State or Territory, be used as a depository for a collective exhibit of such a 
line as shall best illustrate and exemplify the natural resources of such State, as well as its 
historical and archaeological features. Each such collective State exhibit shall, however, 
be installed and maintained only subject to the following conditions, limitations and restric- 
tions, to-wit: 

(A.) These exhibits shall not be catalogued, nor considered as competitive, or at all 
entitled to participate in prizes or awards, nor be within the jurisdiction of the committees 
or juries of award. 

(B.) They shall embrace no manufactured goods or products. 

(C.) No processes shall be included therein, and no motive power permitted in any 
such building. George R. Davis, Director-General. 

Applications for Concession. 
Applications to sell goods of any kind, not manufactured on the grounds as the prod- 
ucts of a machine or process exhibited, or lessees of concessions for restaurants, soda water, 
cigars and tobacco, photographs, guide books, rolling chairs, cut flowers, confectionery, 
bakery, lemonade, messenger service, telegraph service, perfumery, and all other conces- 
sions not named in above list, must apply to the Committee on Ways and Means, setting 
forth the size of building, if special building is required, in the column headed "Size of 
Building," or length and breadth of space required, if located in any of the Exposition 
buildings, under the head of " Space Desired." The Exposition management reserves the 
right to accept or reject any or all applications for concessions. 

General Rules to Govern Lessees of Concessions. 
Rule 1. Lessees and such employes or assistants as may be necessary for the proper 
conduct of the business will have full access to the Exposition grounds, but they will be 

38 



RULES AND REGULATIONS. 



subject at all times to the general rules and regulations of the Exposition, and shall enter 
at such gates and at such hours as may be designated by the Exposition management. 

Rule 2. No business under any of the concessions shall be conducted in other than a 
first-class, orderly manner. No gambling or games of chance will be allowed anywhere 
within the Exposition grounds. 

RULE 3. All buildings, stands or booths, leased or erected for concessions, shall be 
open at all reasonable hours to the inspection of the Director-General and such agents as 
may be designated by the Exposition management. 

Rule 4. No transferring or sub-letting of any interest in the concessions granted will 
be allowed without the written consent of the Exposition management. 

RULE 5. No employe or assistant of lessee of concessions shall enter upon his duties 
until his name and address have been registered in the office of the Committee on Ways 
and Means, who will designate an official number, which shall attach to said employe or 
assistant, and such number must be worn conspicuously by said employe or assistant when 
on duty, and used as the rules may designate. 

Rule 6. All goods sold must be what they are represented, and no deception will be 
allowed. 

Rule 7. Wagon gates will be open at 5 a. m. and closed at 8:30 a. in., for the purpose 
of admitting supplies to all those having concessions; all supplies must be brought in 
between those hours. Only such articles as are covered by the concession will be admitted 
without a special permit. 

Rule 8. All stands, counters and fittings, together with all decorations, to be erected 
at the expense of the lessee; plans of the above to be subject to the approval of the Direct- 
or-General. 

Rule 9. Solicitation for the sale of goods will not be allowed. 

Rule 10. Concessions will be limited to a given number of the same in each class or 
branch concerning which concessions are granted. 

RULE 11. Lessees will be required to keep their premises clean and in complete order 
at all times, and shall not permit any violence, coarse or insolent language, or unnecessary 
noise about their premises. Any employes or assistants wearing the number assigned by 
the Exposition management, appearing upon the grounds at any time intoxicated, making 
unnecessary noise, or using coarse or insolent language, will be deprived of their number 
and be immediately and permanently expelled from the grounds. 

Rule 12. Persons procuring concessions to sell foreign goods will be subject to the 
above rules in addition to the regulations issued by the Secretary of the Treasury of the 
United States for the protection and collection of the revenue. 

Rule 13. Any person who attempts to sell or expose for sale, on the Exposition 
grounds, or in any of the buildings erected thereon, any article whatever, without having 
first obtained a concession for such purpose, will be forthwith ejected from the Exposition 
grounds, and prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 

Rule 14. Any violation on the part of lessees of any of the rules governing the Expo- 
sition or concessions will make void their contract at the option of the Exposition 
Managers. 

RULE 15. All lessees, assistants and their employes must leave the grounds within 
two hours after the close of the Exposition. 

RULE 16. Persons procuring- concessions will be required to furnish the Exposition 
management with a good and sufficient bond for the faithful performance of their contract. 

Rule 17. The Exposition management reserves the right to amend or add to these 
rules whenever it may be deemed necessary for the interest of the Exposition and the pub- 
lic good. 




39 



THE 



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DEALERS IN 



BANK, ROOFING, PAVING AND WASH GRAVEL 



WHITE SAND MOULDING SAND 

FIRE SAND DRY SAND 

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LOAM, BUILDING and CONCRETE SAND 



ALSO 



New York: and. Ohio Fine Moulding Sand. 



ROOMS 28 AND 30, METROPOLITAN BLOCK 



Corner Randolph and La Salle Sts. 



Telephone 1 983 



CHICAGO, ILL 






BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



CHAPTER V. 

BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 

The Administration Building. — By popular verdict the Administration Building is 
pronounced the gem and crown of the Exposition palaces. It is located at the west end 
of the great court in the southern part of the site, looking eastward, and at its rear are 
the transportation facilities and depots. The most conspicuous object which will attract 
the gaze of visitors on reaching the grounds is the gilded dome of this lofty building. 
This imposing edifice will cost about $450,000. The architect is Richard M. Hunt, of New 
York, President of the American Institute of Architects, to whose established reputation 
it is a notable contribution. It covers an area of 260 feet square and consists of four 
pavilions 84 feet square, one at each of the four angles of the square, and connected by a 
great central dome 120 feet in diameter and 275 feet in height, leaving at the center of 
each facade a recess 82 feet wide, within which are the grand entrances to the building. 
The general design is in the style of tho Erench renaissance. The first great story is in 
the Doric order, of heroic proportions, surrounded by a lofty balustrade and having the 
great tiers of the angle of each pavilion crowned with sculpture. The second story, with 
its lofty and spacious colonnade, is of the Ionic order. 

The four great entrances, one on each side of the building, are 50 feet wide and 50 feet 
high, deeply recessed and covered by semi-circular arched vaults, richly coffered. In the 
rear of these arches are the entrance doors, and above them great screens of glass, giving 
light to the central rotunda. Across the face of these screens, at the level of the office 
floor, are galleries of communication between the different pavilions. 

The interior features of this great building even exceed in beauty and splendor those 
•of the exterior. Between every two of the grand entrances, and connecting the interven- 
ing pavilion with the great rotunda, is a hall or loggia 30 feet square, giving access to the 
offices and provided with broad, circular stairways and swift-running elevators. 

Above the balcony is the second story, 50 feet in height. Prom the top of the cornice 
of this story rises the interior dome, 200 feet from the floor, and in the center is an opening 
50 feet in diameter, transmitting a flow of light from the exterior dome overhead. The 
under side of the dome is enriched with deep panelings, richly moulded, and the panels are 
filled with sculpture in low relief, and immense paintings representing the arts and 
sciences. In size this rotunda rivals, if it does not surpass, the most celebrated domes of a 
similar character in the world . In this building will be located the principal offices of the 
management. 

The Agricultural Building, Department A.— One of the most magnificent struc- 
tures raised for the Exposition is the Agricultural Building, of which McKim, Meade & 
White, of New York, are the architects. The style of architecture is classic renaissance. 
This building is put up very near the shore of Lake Michigan, and is surrounded by the 
lagoons that lead into the Park from the Lake. The building is 500 x 800 feet, its longest 
dimensions being east and west. The north line of the building is almost on a line with 
the Pier extending into the Lake, on which heroic columns, emblematic of the forty- 
four States, are raised. A lagoon stretches out along this entire front of the building. 
The east front looks out into a harbor which affords refuge for numerous pleasure craft. 
The entire west exposure of the building faces a branch of the lagoon that extends along 
the north side. With these picturesque surroundings as an inspiration, the architects 
have brought out designs that have been pronounced all but faultless. For a single story 
building the design is bold and heoric. The general cornice line is 65 feet above grade. 
On either side of the main entrance are mammoth Corinthian pillars, 50 feet high and 
•5 feet in diameter. On each corner and from the center of the building pavilions are 
reared, the center one being 144 feet square. The corner pavilions are connected by cur- 

40 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



tains, formicg a continuous arcade around the top of the building. The main entrance 
leads through an opening 64 feet wide into a vestibule, from which entrance is had to the 
rotunda, 100 feet in diameter. This is surmounted by a mammoth glass dome, 130 feet 
high. All through the main vestibule statuary has been designed, illustrative of the 
Agricultural industry. Similar designs are grouped about all of the grand entrances in 
the most elaborate manner. The corner pavilions are surmounted by domes 96 feet high, 
and above these tower groups of statuary. The design for these domes is that of three 
women, of herculean proportions, supporting a mammoth globe. 

The Forestry Building, Department N.— The Forestry Building is located in the 
southeastern portion of the Park, and is the most unique structure on the grounds. It 
is 200x500 feet, with a central height of 60 feet, of rustic design quite suggestive of the 
purpose to which it is devoted. 

Surrounding the building is a spacious portico, 16 feet wide, each of the columns of 
which is formed of three tree trunks in their natural state, contributed by the various 
States and territories, and several South American countries, illustrating their character- 
istic woods. Each trunk will contain a tablet on which will be engraved the name of the 
tree ; the name of the State, territory or country furnishing the same, and an estimate of 
the quantity of such timber standing thereon. The sides, window-frames and roof will also 
present a rustic appearance, the roof being thatched with tan and other barks. The main 
and minor entrances, as well as the interior, are elaborately finished in different kinds of 
wood. From the colonnade surrounding the building rise flag staffs, from which will be 
displayed the coat of arms of the States, placed directly over the tree trunks furnished by 
them, the stars and stripes and the flags of all foreign nations. 

The entire building, in connection with the exhibits contained therein, will illustrate 
in the most complete manner possible the forest resources of the world. 

The Dairy Building. — The Dairy Building, by reason of the exceptionally noveL 
and interesting exhibits it will contain, is quite sure to be regarded with great favor by 
World's Fair visitors in general, while by agriculturists it will be considered one of the 
most useful and attractive features of the whole Exposition. It is designed to contain 
an exhibit of dairy products and also a Dairy School, in connection with which will be 
conducted a series of tests for determining the relative merits of different breeds of dairy 
cattle as milk and butter producers. 

The building stands near the Lake Shore in the southeastern part of the Park and 
close by the general live stock exhibit. It covers approximately half an acre, measuring 
95x200 feet; is two stories high and cost $30,000. In design it is of quiet exterior. On 
the first floor, besides office headquarters, there is in front a large open space devoted to 
exhibits of butter, and farther back an operating-room, 25x100 feet, in which the Model 
Dairy will be conducted. On two sides of this room are amphitheatre seats capable of 
accommodating 400 spectators. Under these seats are refrigerators and cold storage rooms 
for the care of the dairy products. The operating-room, which extends to the roof, has 
on three sides a gallery where the cheese exhibits will be placed. The rest of the second 
story is devoted to a cafe, which opens on a balcony overlooking the Lake. 

The Dairy School, it is believed, will be most instructive and valuable to agriculturists. 
Its plan was first proposed by the Columbian Dairy Association, an organization formed 
with the express purpose of insuring the success of the dairy exhibit at the Fair, and has 
been widely approved by dairy associations throughout the country. The School will 
include a contest between both herds and individuals of the chief breeds of dairy cattle, 
with a view of ascertaining the respective merits of each in milk-giving and butter-pro- 
ducing. Each herd will be charged each day with the food consumed, accurately weighed, 
and will be credited with the milk and butter produced. Manufacturers of dairy utensils 
and appliances gladly offer to furnish all that will be required in their line. Spectators 
will be able to obtain an excellent view of the processes in all their stages. The results of 
this test and of the exhibition which will be made of the latest and most advanced scien- 
tific methods known in connection with the feeding and care of cattle, the treatment of 
milK and the production of butter and cheese, cannot fail to be of great and lasting benefit 

41 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



to the dairy interests of this country. Thesa interests, it is scarcely necessary to state, are 
of enormous importance and extent, and, indeed, are scarcely surpassed by any other branch 
of industry in respect to the amount of money invested. It cannot be doubted that the 
Exposition Dairy School will cause a more economic and scientific management of the 
dairy interests of the entire country and consequently a greater return from the capital 
and labor invested. 

Live Stock, Department C. — The most ample preparations are being made to care 
for the great Live-Stock interests at the Exposition. A commodious amphitheatre for 
exhibition purposes will be erected, as well as the necessary stables, barns, hospitals, etc. 

The rules and regulations governing the eligibility of Live Stock for entry are being- 
distributed, and while care will be taken to secure specimens of the best established breeds, 
the rules are sufficiently liberal to permit the entry of animals from every part of the 
world, which have such characteristics as to make them objects of interest to visitors at an 
International Exposition. The correspondence of the department shows that considerable 
interest is being taken in this exhibit by breeders in Europe and other foreign countries. 

The Live-Stock exhibit will open in June, 1893, with a Kennel Show, lasting six days, 
followed in August, September and October by the exhibition of horses, cattle, sheep, 
swine, poultry, pigeons, etc. The liberal money premiums — amounting to $150,000 besides 
the medals and diplomas to be awarded by the National Commission, which the Exposition 
Management offer — have already stimulated a widespread interest in this exhibition — in 
addition to this a number of breeders' associations have already offered special prizes for 
animals in their registers who carry off medals at the Exposition. 

Horticultural Building, Department B. — All nations of the world are cordially 
invited by the management of the World's Columbian Exposition, to make an Horticul- 
tural display that will be extensive, unique representative, worthy and instructive. 

The facilities offered exhibitors will surpass those of any previous exposition, and will 
consist of a magnificent horticultural building with extensive grounds adjacent and the 
greater part of a beautiful elevated island, from which excellent views of all the great 
buildings can be had. 

The plan of the building is a central glass dome with two end pavilions, each connected 
with it by front and rear curtains, forming two interior courts 83 x 270 feet. In these 
courts will be placed bearing orange groves from California and Florida, to illustrate the 
manner of growing and cultivating the " golden fruit " in the States. This will be a novel 
and attractive, as well as an instructive, exhibit. 

The front curtains are each 270 x 69 feet, the roofs are made of glass, and will be used 
for tender plants. The rear curtains are each 346 x 46 feet, and while designed to give an 
abundance of light, are not entirely covered with glass, and are adapted to fruit and other 
exhibits that require a cool temperature. 

The building is 1,000 feet long by an average width of 287 feet. The dome is 187 feet 
in diameter and rises to an altitude of 113 feet inside, thus giving room for the largest 
palms, bamboos, tree ferns, giant cacti, eucalyptus, etc. 

It will take ten miles of 1^-inch pipe to heat the dome alone, besides an additional 
amount for the front curtains. 

The first story of each pavilion is 117x250 feet and will be used for an extension of the 
fruit display and for installing horticultural appliances, seeds, etc.; the second story for 
restaurants. 

Architecturally, the building is the finest ever erected for a similar purpose. The 
exterior will be painted a warm buff color, and decorative planting in the immediate 
vicinity will harmonize with the general design of the building. 

The island and other grounds will be ornamented with rhododendrons, azaleas, herba- 
ceous and other plants suitable for out-door decoration. 

It will be the policy of the department to invite the best displays possible of all meri- 
torious exhibits in the various groups of pomology, viticulture, floriculture, culinary veg- 
etables, seeds, arboriculture, methods and appliances of horticulture, and avoid or prevent 
the use of valuable space for unworthy exhibits. 



42 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



The classification embraces everything- of interest to Horticulturists, and .-hould they 
desire to he progressive they cannot afford to miss the instructive object lesson which will 
be presented. Assurances of cordial support from all parts of the world indicate a revela- 
tion in advanced horticulture that will be a surprise to the profession. 

Collective exhibits from the different States and territories will be the most complete. 
The fruit exhibits will afford an excellent opportunity of comparing- the infl lence of clim- 
ate and soil on the same varieties, and present at a glance to the interested observer a list 
of fruits adapted to his own State. 

Great Britain and the Continent of Europe will display the finest specimens of rare 
plants from numerous conservatories ; Australia and New Zealand will contribute ferns, 
palms and bamboos ; the Latin American countries, tropical fruits and many curious plants; 
and even far away Japan will send specimens of trees, several hundred years old, to illus- 
trate their skill in dwarfing trees. Trees over one hundred years old, and not more than 
two feet high, will greet the gaze of the wondering visitor. 

Many States and territories have arranged to make a complete herbarium of their 
flora and wax models of all their fruits ; and from the whole it is intended to make a grand 
collection for the United States. This has never been attempted before, and it is expected 
will attract the attention of botanists in every part of the world. 

The Floricultural display will be on a scale of magnitude equal to all other sections of 
the World's Fair, of such flowers as tulips, lilies, pansie8 roses, asters and sweet peas, etc. 
They will be in array by hundreds of thousands, to say nothing about many novelties 
which have not yet been unearthed. There will be many remarkable plants collected 
together which have never been in companionship before. Notably is a plant belonging 
to the same genus and family as the calla lily, and with a very expressive and euphonius 
name, to-wit:— Amorpliophallus Titanum. This giant is a veritable Titan. The flowers are 
on stems coming directly from the ground to a height of five or more feet. The one flower 
surmounting each stem is in the shape of a bowl or cup, fully three feet in diameter. The 
color of the flower on the inside is a pale green, marbled with deep purple. The outside 
of the flower is of dark green, corrugated and mottled with bronze and chocolate. A single 
leaf which resembles the form of a wrecked umbrella, covers an area of forty-five feet in 
circumference. This plant is a native of Sumatra, and was introduced to cultivators in 
1878. It was stated in 1885 that it was the giant of the vegetable kingdom, but like the 
changes of each day, in all other phases of life, a still more remarkable plant will be seen 
at the World's Fair. This is one of the Birth worts, or Dutchman's pipes; the correct name 
is, however, Aristolochia. This new and remarkable variety has been called the "pelican," 
the "swan" and the "giant duck" flower. It resembles a giant pelican with tails of 
eighteen inches attached to each wing. The largest flowers measure sixty-four inches in 
length and twelve inches wide in the body of the pelican. The flowers are a creamy yel- 
low, veined and spotted with chocolate brown. It is a curiosity and will create a great 
furore. The plant is a climber, grows very rapidly and resembles a grape vine in general 
appearance, the leaves being smaller, and it requires protection during winter. 

The Fisheries Building, Department D.— The graceful beauty cf the Fisheries 
Building at the World's Columbian Exposition has gained for it from the severest of crit- 
ics, architects, the title of " an architectural poem." 

While the extreme dimensions of the building are very large, yet the structure is so- 
laid out that the general effect is rather of delicacy than of the grandeur to be expected 
from the mere statement of dimensions. It is composed of three parts, a main building 
365 feet long and 165 feet wide, and two polygonal buildings each 133 feet 6 inches in diam- 
eter, connected with the main structure by two curved arcades. 

The main building is provided with two great entrances in the centers of the long 
sides. These entrances are by pavilions 102 feet long, projecting 41 feet beyond the line 
of the main building, and flanked at each corner with ch'cular towers. 

The quadrangular first story is surmounted by a great circular story capped with a 
conical roof. A graceful open turret crowns this roof and four smaller towers spring from 
and surround the base. 






43 



Andrew Krimbiu, Gottfried Flxhs 

NOTARIES PUBLIC 

Krihbill & pUCHS 

Real Estate 
csife Insurance 

Loans and Renting 

ROOM 23, REAPER BLOCK, 95 CLARK STREET 



OPPOSITE COURT HOUSE 
Telephone ^eapep Bloek 



vvvCHICAGOILL 



A. Krimbill's South Chicago Office, Rooms 4 and 5. Winnepeg Block 



FOR SALE:— Lots, Blocks and Acres; South Side Property a Specialty; Location 

for Manufacturing and Acres for Subdividing and Subdivisions managed for owners. 

Great inducements offered in the Calumet Region. 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



The general design of the whole structure is Roman in masses with all the details 
worked out in a realistic manner after various fish and marine forms. Thus the double 
row of engaged columns which form the exterior face of the building have capitals which 
are formed of a thousand varied groupings of marine forms, while the delicate open work 
of the gallery railings display as many different fishes. 

The circular story is surrounded by a broad exterior gallery, and the four flanking- 
towers of the entrances and the four smaller towers of the central roof terminate in open 
turrets, from all of which views of every part of the g-rounds can be obtained. 

The main entrance leads past the broad winding stairs which give access to the turrets 
of the flanking towers into a wide vestibule and thence to the main floor of the building. 
All of the floors will be of asphalt concrete, and the floor of the second story is disposed as 
a gallery, leaving the interior open to the great elliptical ceiling of the dome far overhead. 
This ceiling will be enriched with brilliant frescoes. The wide gallery of the second story 
will permit visitors to have a general view of the principal part of the exhibits. From 
this gallery the summits of the four smaller towers of the roof are reached by winding- 
stairs. The spaces over the entrances are set apart for storage rooms and work rooms. 

The two curved arcades leading to the aquarial exhibit on the east and the angling- 
exhibit on the west are open to the air and are provided with wide staircases on both of 
their sides, thus adding four means of access to the various parts of the building. 

The two circular buildings, in one of which will be installed the angling exhibit and 
in the other the aquaria, are precisely similar in size and exterior appearance. They are 
not in reality circular, but polygons of many sides. The result is that the severity of the 
simple curve is obviated by a succession of obtuse angles which lends grace and lightness 
to the g-eneral design. The western building is perfectly plain within, as in it the varied 
exhibit of angling appliances is to be placed. The aquaria will be found in the eastern 
building, and there is little doubt but that this will be one of the chief points of interest 
of the whole Exposition. 

In the center will be a circular basin 30 feet in diameter, in the middle of which will 
rise a towering mass of rockwork. From clefts and crevices in this rockwork miniature 
cascades will ripple down to the masses of reeds, rushes and ornamental semi-aquatic plants 
in the basin, amid which will be seen gorgeously brilliant fishes disporting. Around this 
basin there will be a circular walk 16 feet wide, reached by two broad entrances. These 
entrances pass through the inner series of tanks. The larger section of these tanks will be 
devoted to fresh water fishes, the smaller to those from salt water. This series contains 
the tanks of greatest capacity. They will have vertical sides, as they will be inspected 
from both sides, and the bottom will be rounded. They will vary in capacity from 7,000 to 
17,000 gallons each. The sea water for the marine fishes will be secured by evaporating the 
necessary quantity at the United States Fish Commission Station at Wood's Holl, Mass., to 
one-fifth its bulk, thus reducing both quantity and weight for transportation about 80 per 
cent. The fresh water required to restore it to its proper density will be supplied from 
Lake Michigan. From this same source will be drawn all the fresh water needed. In 
transporting the marine specimens from the coast to Chicago about 3,000 gallons of pure 
sea water will be brought on each trip. 

Surrounding these great tanks, which will be about 7 feet wide, there will be a second 
annular walk 16 feet wide. This walk will be' vaulted over and the walls above the clear 
glass fronts of the tanks will be made of stained glass, so that all of the light will perforce 
come through the tanks. Around the outer circumference of the walk will be placed the 
second series of tanks. These will be somewhat smaller than those in the inner series, 
ranging from 750 to 1,500 gallons each in capacity. The entire length of the glass fronts 
of the aquaria will be about 575 feet, or over 3,000 square feet of surface. The panorama 
presented will be one of surpassing interest and beauty, and the whole exhibit will rival 
the greatest permanent aquaria of the world, not only in size, but in the number and char- 
acter of the specimens displayed. 

The total water capacity of the aquaria, exclusive of the two huge reservoirs which are 
to be placed in the main structure, will be 18,725 cubic feet, or about 140,000 gallons. This 

44 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



will weigh 1,192,425 pounds, or almost 600 tons. Of this amount about 40.000 gallons will 
he devoted to the marine exhibit. In the entire salt water circulation, including reser- 
voirs, there will be about 80,000 gallons. 

Not only will marine creatures of all sorts he shown, but the finny denizens of the 
streams also, and likewise the whitefish, the catfish, the big pickerel, and the huge stur- 
geons of the interior waters. Such a task will necessarily be of great magnitude, inas- 
much as the labor and skill required to fetch the fishes in good condition from points so 
remote over thousands of miles of railway must be enormous and of the very highest order. 
The marine fishes will be captured off the coast and forwarded alive by rail, in tanks filled 
with sea water, to Chicago. They will secure the scaly captives in seines, select such desir- 
able ones as are caught in the pound nets of the fishermen, and take them in tanks ashore, 
where they will be shipped to the Exposition. The tanks utilized for transportation will 
be of sufficient size not to crowd the occupants and provided with a device for circulating 
and aerating the water. 

The main structure will contain a full and complete exhibit of all the various appli- 
ances used in the fishing industry in all countries and in all times, while the special depart- 
ment of angling will have the whole of the west wing for its exhibit. It is the intention 
of the department of fish and fisheries to make the exhibits of foreign nations as large as 
possible, and thus far there is every reason to believe that the highest degree of success in 
this direction will be attained. 

Mines and Mining Building, Department E. — Located at the southern extremity 
of the western lagoon or lake, and between the Electricity and Transportation Buildings, 
is the Mines and Mining Building. This building is 700 feet long by 350 feet wide. Its 
architecture has its inspiration in early Italian renaissance, with which sufficient liberty 
is taken to invest the building with the animation that should characterize a great general 
Exposition. There is a decidedly French spirit pervading the exterior design, but it is 
kept well subordinated. In plan it is simple and straightforward, embracing on the ground 
floor spacious vestibules, restaurants, toilet-rooms, etc. On each of the four sides of the 
building are placed the entrances, those of the north and south fronts being the most 
spacious and prominent. To the right and left of each entrance, inside, start broad flights 
of easy stairs leading to the galleries. The galleries are 60 feet wide and 25 feet high from 
the ground floor, and are lighted on the sides by large windows, and from above by a high 
clearstory extending around the building. 

The main fronts look southward on the great Central Court, and northward on the 
western and middle lakes and an island gorgeous with flowers. These principal fronts dis- 
play enormous arched entrances, richly embellished with sculptural decorations emblem- 
atic of Mining and its allied industries. At each end of these fronts are large square 
pavilions, surmounted by low domes, which mark the four corners of the building and are 
lighted by large arched windows extending through the galleries. 

Between the main entrance and the pavilions are richly decorated arcades, forming an 
open loggia on the ground floor, and a deeply recessed promenade on the gallery floor 
level, which commands a fine view of the lakes and islands to the northward and the great 
Central Court on the south. These covered promenades are each 25 feet wide and 230 feet 
long, and from them is had access to the building at numerous points. These loggias on 
the first floor are faced w 7 ith marbles of different kinds and hues, which will be considered 
part of the Mining Exhibit, and so utilized as to have marketable value at the close of the 
Exposition. The loggia ceilings will he heavily coffered, and richly decorated in plaster 
and color. The ornamentation is massed at the prominent points of the facade. The exte- 
rior presents a massive, though graceful, appearance. 

The Department of Mines and Mining of the Columbian Exposition is working upon a 
system that is elaborate, extensive, exhaustive and complete in all its details. The depart- 
ment is one of the thirteen great subdivisions of the Fair, and from an insight into the 
methods employed and ends which are attainable, it promises to take front rank. All the 
principal mineral-producing States have expressed a determination to make their exhibit 
in this department as complete as possible. Foreign nations which have signified an inten- 

45 




!****& 



THE 



Real Estate Offices 



OF 



EDWARD G. SMITH 

AT 

Rooms 21 and 22 Montauk Block 

US Monroe Street 
CHICAGO ILLINOIS 

Should be consulted by every non-resident Capitalist 
or Investor appreciating the desirability of Realty in 
Chicago, the coming Babylon of a Higher Civilization 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



tion to participate in the general exposition — and there are many of them, with more to 
hear from — nearly all lay great stress upon the Mines and Mining Department. It is im- 
possible thus early to outline the character and extent of these proposed exhibits, as requi- 
sitions for space, the starting point, have not all been received, while statements of the 
nature of the exhibit, in many cases, have not been formulated. The Latin- Amei-ican 
States have been particularly prompt in arranging for representation, a large portion of 
which will be of a nature to present their mineral resources. 

The United States takes first rank among the nations of the world in the development 
of its mineral deposits and the treatment of most kinds of ores, and its display cannot fail 
to be instructive. The different States, especially those of the South and West, have 
entered upon the plan of making an exhibit that in point of detail will give the uninitiated 
a most complete idea of the nation's mineral resources. 

This department also has charge of the display of all kinds of Machinery and Appli- 
ances which pertain to the Science of Mining and the handling, converting and refining of 
Minerals. 

Machinery Building, Department F. — Foremost among the triumphs to be 
recorded at the World's Columbian Exposition will be the displacement of manual labor 
by machinery. The century whose closing decade will be immortalized by a greater union 
of all nations on a more peaceful plain than the world has ever seen, will be remembered in 
history as the age of machinery. And peerless in the ranks of nations, which have given 
to mankind the fruits of invention in mechanical form, will stand the United States of 
America. Necessity, the parent of man's inventive faculty, has nowhere been encount- 
ered in such a formidable shape as in this country, which may appropriately be called the 
cradle of invention. Within two generations this vast continent has been developed by a 
race of energetic people, whose inventive faculties have been quickened alike by the 
obstacles encountered and by the experience of the benefits of civilization left behind in 
the Old World. Crude experiment has begotten inventive genius, and the pioneers who 
fought nature in its sternest shape have returned to become the preceptors of those whose 
researches have led to theoretical, rather than practical discoveries. 

The Machinery Exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition will of necessity, there- 
fore, be one of the most important of the entire exhibition. The United States of America 
will put forth her best efforts to demonstrate to the world the justice of her claims to 
supremacy, while, on the other hand, the great manufacturing nations of Europe will spare 
no pains to prove to the world at large that their artificers have not lost their skill, and 
that in the great competition for wealth the Old World is still abreast with the New. The 
contest will be a contest of giants and the result, whatever the verdict of the international 
jury may be, cannot fail to prove of exceeding interest to visitors and exhibitors. 

Recognizing the importance of the Department of Machinery, the Directors of the 
World's Columbian Exposition, in allotting space for the various buildings to be erected at 
Jackson Park, have assigned to the display of machinery the second largest area set apart 
for any single branch of exhibits. The enormous extent of the space under roof in the 
buildings devoted to the display of machinery, in round figures nearly eighteen acres, is a 
proof of the appreciation of the importance of this branch of the Exposition entertained 
by the management. That this vast enclosure will be filled, there is no reason to doubt. 
On the contrary, the problem which threatens to confront the executive is not how to fill 
this space, but rather how to find adequate space for the exhibits. 

Situated at the main entrance to the Exposition Grounds, at a point where all visitors 
by rail will necessarily pass its doors on entering the Exposition, the Machinery Building 
or, as it is officially termed, the Palace of Mechanic Arts, will possess an exceptional advan- 
tage in point of location. 

The exterior design for the Palace of Mechanic Arts has been pronounced the grandest 
in the whole array of architectural wonders to be seen at the Exposition. 

The Main Building of Machinery Hall is 850 feet long and 500 feet broad. The inte- 
rior will present the general appearance of three railroad train houses placed side by side. 
These train houses are spanned by arched trusses, with spans of about 125 feet each, and these 

46 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



trusses are about 50 feet on centers. Each of these arched naves is lighted and aired from 
above by large monitor roofs. In the center three domed roofs, each covering an open 
space 125 feet square, take the place of monitors. Outside of this immense three-naved 
room, on the northeast and south, runs a 50-foot wide two-story building. This opens 
directly into the main hall, both on the first floor and on the second floor on the north and 
east fronts, forming a great gallery. 

There are two main entrances to Machinery Hall, one on the north, facing Adminis- 
tration Building, and one on the east, facing Agricultural Hall. In each of the four cor- 
ners of the building is a domed pavilion containing a grand staircase, and there are other 
staircases adjacent to the two grand staircases referred to. There will be other entrances 
along the sides and ends of the Main Hall Annex, giving ample accommodation for the 
immense crowds that will daily visit the great exhibition. 

The Annex Building is a similar structure but more simply roofed; it contains three 
naves and runs 550 feet to the westward, carrying out the long naves formed by the trusses 
in the main building, so that each will measure 1.400 feet in length. 

On the south of the Main Building for its whole length is a one-story structure, which 
is to contain the vast steam and electrical plant which is to supply power and light to the 
whole of the Exposition buildings and grounds. This will be an extraordinary display of 
applied energy and one of great interest. 

The whole of Machinery Hall throughout rests upon planking and trestle work found- 
ations ; its frame is very largely of wood, but the main trusses spanning the building are 
of iron, and are of such width that they will be serviceable in the future in the construc- 
tion of railroad train houses. These three naves, when the length of' both Main Building 
and Annex is added together, will give each a perspective of nearly 1,400 feet in a straight 
line. It is the intention to have in each of these naves an electric traveling crane moving 
from one end to the other. These will be used for installing and moving the machinery 
exhibits, and when the Exposition opens platforms will have been built on these traveling 
cranes and they will be used to carry visitors from one end of the building to the other. 

The exterior of the building is to be covered with the plaster material called staff, 
which is to be used for the covering of all other buildings at the Columbian Fair. The 
south and west sides of the building and the whole exterior of the Annex being not visible 
from the general public portions of the ground, are designed in a more plain and simple 
style. On the north and east fronts, however, where the Machinery Hall fronts on the 
great plaza and the wide lagoon, it was essential that the fronts should be rich and orna- 
mental, to serve as a scene for the spectacles and festivities which will be held in this great 
court. These two fronts have therefore been made as magnificent as possible. They are 
ornamented with colonnades and a great deal of sculpture. In the figure and ornamental 
work every attempt has been made to indicate the purpose of the building, the statues 
representing mechanical forces, or carrying portraits or the names of inventors. The 
small ornamental boys, or genii, representing blacksmiths and machinists, and the archi- 
tectural festoons are frequently formed of bits of machinery where flowers and fruits are 
generally seen. 

Transportation Exhibits Building-, Department G.— The Transportation Build- 
ing (now in course of erection), in the grandeur of its proportions, and the convenience 
and elegance of its interior plan and decorations, fitly responds to the magnitude and 
attractive variety of the interests it will represent. It occupies an eligible site on the 
lagoon, near the center of the Exposition and main entrance, and is convenient of access 
to all avenues of approach. It covers a space 960 by 256 feet, and with the annex and 
entresol includes a total area of nearly seventeen acres, all under cover. The heaviest loco- 
motives and cars will be transferred from the installation track to tracks for their recep- 
tion in the annex, whose accommodations are such that entire trains can be shown con- 
nected as in actual use. Eight elevators will run from the center of the main building tc 
balconies 115 and 128 feet high. The observatory commands a beautiful and comprehensive 
view of lake, urban and suburban scenery. The main entrance is of noble dimensions, con- 
sisting of a series of receding arches treated in gold leaf, and decorated with carvings, 

41 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



bas-reliefs and paintings. Other entrances are provided, and near them seats, terraces, 
fountains and statues are grouped. The interior is admirably arranged for advantageous 
display, and into its broad nave and aisles the annex will open in such a manner as to- 
afford long and striking vistas. 

The scope of this department is suggested by its classifications, which recognize or are 
associated with nearly all diversities of industrial development, and include interests as 
broad as the world itself. Its object is to illustrate with some degree of historical accu- 
racy the successive stages of improvement in methods and appliances of transit and convey- 
ance (on land and water, or in air) peculiar to all countries from the remotest period of 
invention to the present time. This will be effected by means of actual specimens, or mod- 
els, drawings and photographs, when the originals cannot be obtained. By comparison 
and contrast these "objects of interest" will impart a vast deal of information at once 
novel, entertaining and instructive. 

The Railway exhibit, within its own exclusive area of over eight acres, will epitomize 
the wonderful story of the adaptation of steam to practical uses, from the crude experi- 
mental engines of Watt, Trevethick, Stephenson and Cooper to the immense and powerful 
locomotives of to-day. 

In the Marine Division will be seen vessels peculiar to the navigable waters of all races- 
and peoples, embracing an infinite variety of rowing and sailing craft — from the Indian 
birch canoe, the clumsy Chinese junk, the Egyptian galley, the Roman trireme and war- 
boats of barbarous tribes to the clipper, the graceful yacht and stately steamship of the 
nineteenth century ; besides everything of interest pertaining to the science of navigation 
— to life-saving apparatus, etc. 

The third division will show all forms and types of vehicular construction and move- 
ment on land (except railways), and grouped in strange juxtaposition, the old and new — the 
palanquin of Japan, the primitive ox-cart of the Roman farmers, the Greek chariot, the 
English sedan, and the modern bicycle, omnibus and pleasure carriage. Saddlery, har- 
ness, trappings, etc., will also be shown in this division. Nor will aerial, pneumatic and 
other systems of transportation be neglected. 

While all requisite efforts are being made to induce a full representation of interests 
local to the United States, the Chief of this department is also vigorously urging its claims 
upon the attention and co-operation of foreign nations through personal correspondence 
and the friendly offices of our accredited agents abroad, with thus far gratifying success. 

The Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. — Notable for its symmetrical 
proportions, the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building is the mammoth structure of the 
Exposition. It measures 1,687 by 787 feet, and covers nearly 31 acres, being the largest 
exposition building ever constructed. Within the building a gallery 50 feet wide extends; 
around all four sides, and projecting from this are 86 smaller galleries, 12 feet wide, from 
which visitors may survey the vast array of exhibits and the busy scene below. The gal • 
leries are approached on the main floor by 30 great staircases, the flights of which are 12: 
feet wide each. "Columbia Avenue," 50 feet wide, extends through the mammoth build- 
ing longitudinally, and an avenue of like width crosses it at right angles at the center. 
The main roof is of iron and glass, and arches an area 385 by 1.400 feet, and has its ridge 
150 feet from the ground. The building, including its galleries, has about 40 acres of floor 
space. 

In the centre of the building is an enormous hall, without columns, 386 feet 10 inches- 
wide by 1,275 feet 10 inches long, covered with a roof formed of great iron arches spring- 
ing from all sides and rising to a height of 210 feet above the floor. This magnificent space- 
will be lighted by continuous clearstory windows and by an enormous spread of glass in 
the roof covering. Around this enormous hall are run a system of continuous naves 107 
feet 9 inches wide and 115 feet high, which are also lighted by clearstory windows and 
glazed roofs, and aisles on eithes side of these naves 23 and 46 feet wide respectively, cov- 
ered by galleries of the same dimensions. 

The Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building is in the Corinthian style of architect- 
ure, and in point of being severely classic, excels nearly all of the other edifices. The. 

48 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



long array of columns and arches which its facades present, is relieved from monotony by 
very elaborate ornamentation. In this ornamentation female figures, symbolical of the 
various arts and sciences, play a conspicuous and very attractive part. 

Designs showing in relief the seals of the different States of the Union and of foreign 
nations also appear in the ornamentation. These, of course, are gigantic in their pro- 
portions. 

The exterior of the building is covered with " staff," which is treated to represent mar- 
ble. The huge fluted columns and immense arches are apparently of this beautiful material. 

There are four great entrances, one in the center of each facade. These are designed 
in the manner of triumphal arches, the central archway of each being 40 feet wide and 80 
feet high. Surmounting these portals is the great attic story ornamented with sculptured 
eagles 18 feet high, and on each side above the side arches are great panels with inscrip- 
tions, and the spandrils are filled with sculptured figures in bas-relief. At each corner 
of the main building are pavilions forming great arched entrances, which are designed in 
harmony with the great portals. The interiors of these pavilions are richly decorated 
with sculpture and rural paintings. The long facades of the great hall surrounding the 
building are composed of a series of arches filled with immense glass windows. The lower 
portion of these arches, up to the level of the gallery floor, and 25 feet in depth, is open to 
the outside, thus forming a covered loggia, which forms an open promenade for the public, 
and will provide a very interesting feature, particularly on the east side where it faces the 
lake. It is intended to locate here a number of cafes, where the great crowds can loiter at 
their ease and enjoy the breezes and cool shadows of the afternoon. 

The building occupies a most conspicuous place in the grounds. It faces the lake, with 
only lawns and promenades between. North of it the United States Government Building, 
south the harbor and the in-jutting lagoon, and west the Electrical Building and the 
lagoon separating it from the great island which in part is wooded and in part resplendent 
with acres of bright flowers of varied hues. 

Department of Manufactures, H. — The exhibition in this department will cer- 
tainly prove an attraction of supreme interest, not only to the people of the United States, 
but to the world at large. Under the liberal classification prepared by the National Com- 
mission, the Department of Manufactures embraces thirty-three exceptionally large 
groups, divided into two hundred or more classes of the leading industries, collectively 
representing the products of the modern machinery and man's most skillful handiwork in 
every conceivable form and design. The scope of the department will be best exemplified 
in a careful perusal of the classification on the within pages. 

The constantly increasing interest of our home manufactures, and the world-wide 
rivalry of inventive genius in the production of labor-saving- devices and improved 
machinery to meet the ever growing popular demand, will be fittingly illustrated in the 
varied exhibits in this department, and make it one of the most interesting and instructive 
features of the Exposition. 

The Department of Liberal Arts, L. — The central idea of the World's Colum- 
bian Exposition is its power to educate. Each succeeding world's fair, beginning with 
that held in London in 1851, has been the school-master of the nations. No other single 
educational influence has been so instantly and so intensely active. This is because each 
national exhibit has been the exponent of that nation's advancement. The nation which 
has borne the palm of victory is that whose progress in education, taken in its broadest 
and fullest sense, has been most pronounced. Recognizing these truths, the promoters of 
the Columbian Exposition have given to education the position of highest prominence in 
the center of interest and in the grandest of all the great structures. Here Education is 
surrounded by her handmaids — Music, Science, Literature, Charity, Religion — and these, 
grouped together as by their nature is most fitting, form the constellation of the Liberal 
Arts. These are the arts whose advancement has made the closing century glorious, and 
has made all mankind free in the light of truth and law and liberty. 

In a still larger way the Department of the Liberal Arts is surrounded by those special 
departments which have grown up in the world by reason of her educative and vital forcef 

49 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



— those of Agriculture, Mechanism, Electricity and the engineering of the Mine, the 
Railway. 

The oft-repeated question, What does Liberal Arts include ? is thus generically 
answered. More specifically it includes, first and largest, Education ; then Hygiene, Sani- 
tation, Charities, Medicine and Surgery, Literature, Books, Libraries, Journalism, Phys- 
ical Science in all departments, Engineering, Architecture, Government and Law, Com- 
merce, Social and Religious Organizations, Music and the Drama. Side by side, and 
separated for the first time, comes Archaeology and Ethnology. The space assigned to this 
group of subjects is more than three times that ever granted to them in any former exhi- 
bitions. In most of the other departments the commercial instinct is the motive power. 
In these the commercial, gives place to the educative force. The space given to them will 
exceed twelve acres. The Liberal Art exhibits will be installed in the south end of the 
Manufactures Building. 

Ethnology and Archaeology, Department M.— Occupying a large and prominent 
place in the Manufactui'es and Liberal Arts Building, the Department of Ethnology and 
Archaeology must be classed as among the most attractive and interesting features of the 
Exposition. 

All possible phases of prehistoric man in America and the life of the aborigines at the 
time of the landing of Columbus will be illusti'ated at the World's Columbian Exposition 
by this department. 

The conditions unaer which man was living when his existence in America is first 
traced, will be shown in diagramatic paintings representing the terminal portions of the 
ice-sheet, with the clay and gravel deposits and boulders at the edge, the flora and fauna 
of the time, and man associated with animals since extinct. This series is planned to con- 
tain the skeletons of the mammoth and the mastodon, with mounted specimens of north- 
ern animals living at that early period far south of their present abode. With portions of 
skeletons of man will be objects of handiwork and other representations pertaining to the 
life of that time. In connection with the habitations of the Eskimo, models of men, women 
and children will be shown, made from casts taken and colored from life and dressed in 
native costumes. These figures will be made in extended number to illustrate all types of 
mankind. The work, in part, is in papier mache, with the figures draped in actual 
garments. 

One of the most interesting and striking representations will illustrate the architect- 
ure of Yucatan in casts taken from some of the ruins. To make the moulds for a complete 
cast of any single building will be not only a gigantic operation, but will cost several thous- 
and dollars. The selection of subjects is not determined with absolute certainty, but the 
great portal from the court at Labna is one of the subjects approved for the series. Others 
are the Temple of the Sun, at Chichen-Itza; the House of the Nuns, at Uxmal, and an old 
house at Merida (1549) with richly carved ornamentation. The entire collection of casts 
recently arrived at the Peabody Museum from Paris, which were made from moulds taken 
by M. Desire Charnay during the Lorillard expedition to Yucatan and other southwestern 
parts of the continent, will also be exhibited. 

In another group will be shown the origin and development of the primitive arts, and 
the progress of nations during the historic archaeological period will be illustrated. This 
representation will contain such important objects as models of ancient vessels and models- 
to illustrate ancient buildings, particularly the various habitations in the form of huts, 
etc., built in this country. A third gi*oup will be an illustration of navigation and cartog- 
raphy. A complete series of maps of the world will be collected, both of those anterior to 
Columbus and of others illustrating discoveries down to the present time. In the case of 
the most rare maps only reproductions will be presented, although the loan of many orig- 
inals is expected. A fourth gi*oup will exhibit inventions, arranged to illustrate progress, 
with amelioration of life and labor. In this will be shown originals, copies and models of 
notable inventions, supplemented by a collection of portraits of distinguished inventors. 

Other collections of similar completeness will represent all the principal tribes of the 
northern part of the continent, the Indian races of the interior, the inhabitants of the 

50 






BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



West Indies and the eastern tribes of North America at the time of Columbus, the native 
tribes of the southwest, those of Mexico, Central America, and South America, in all cases 
with their habitations and costumes and arts and industries extensively shown, with the 
addition of the previously mentioned models of the varied types made from life. 

The various material required for these exhibits will be largely secured by new explo- 
rations, though much is expected from private collections; and much, if need be, can be 
furnished from the Peabody Museum. At present there is every indication that the entire 
department will form as complete an illustration as possible of American life before the 
coming- of the Spaniards, honorable to the Exposition and to American archaeologists in 
general. 

Electrical Building, Department J.— The Electrical Department will have at its 
disposal a substantial and beautiful building 700 feet long, 350 feet wide and 115 feet high 
at the highest point of its roof. This building will be of ornamental wood with arched 
roof of steel cantilever trusses. Its general plan is based on a longitudinal nave 115 feet 
long and 114 feet high, crossed in the middle by a transept of the same height and width. 
The nave and transept have a pitched roof supported by steel arches with a range of sky- 
lights at the bottom of the pitch, and clearstory windows. The balance of the building is 
covered with a flat roof averaging 62 feet in height, and provided with skylights. At each 
of the four corners of the building there is a pavilion, above which rises a light open spire 
or tower 169 feet high. Subordinate pavilions occur midway between these towers on the 
longitudinal sides, crowned with low, square domes. Smaller towers will occur at inter- 
vals upon the four sides, presenting the different orders of architecture in their construc- 
tion, and each to be mounted with banners by day and electric lights by night. Pilasters 
and columns of the Ionic order will form open screens before the windows of the main 
story. At the north pavilion this order will change to an arcade to form an open portico 
with a wide balcony above looking toward the lagoon. All the exterior ordonnance is 
carried out strictly according to the formulas of Italian renaissance. The pediments, 
friezes, panels and spandrils will receive a decoration of figures in relief, with architect- 
ural motifs, the tendency of which will be to illustrate the purposes of the building. The 
color of the exterior will be like marble, but the walls of the main or hemieycle entrance, 
the porticos and various loggias will be highly enriched in color. As special works of dis- 
tinction, it is contemplated to have the frieze relief figures in photograph of more than 
forty of the most prominent electricians who are no longer living. Electricity, as it will 
be demonsti'ated at the Columbian Exposition, and as its exhibits will be contained in 
this building, will be divided into two branches — theoretical and practical. 

Theoretical electricity is the scientific part, and will be demonstrated in object lessons 
including exhibits of historical apparatus, showing the progress made by those who have 
developed it to its present advanced state. The historical display will comprehend models 
of patents granted by this and other countries to inventors, the original apparatus, in vari- 
ous stages of development, of Franklin, Morse, Vail, Henry and others of our own country, 
and Gauss, Ohm, Ampere, Siemens, Varley, Thompson, the poet Goethe and others of 
Europe. This display will undoubtedly be one of the most interesting to students of his- 
tory, as well as those interested in electricity, in the whole exposition. Much money will 
be required to bring this display to the high degree of excellence hoped for, and it is con- 
templated to ask the World's Fair commissioners of foreign governments to undertake the 
expense of freightage, installation and maintenance of the historical exhibits of the several 
countries to which the exhibits will be accredited. 

Practical electricity is commercial electricit}', and as the exhibits of this class will be 
installed and maintained by commercial companies interested in the advertisement of their 
several businesses, it is natural that this class of exhibits should be elaborate and artistic. 
People have come to expect something bordering on the marvelous from the electrical 
people in the way of exhibitions, and nearly all of the larger electrical companies have 
endeavored to meet this high degree of expectancy by maintaining experts in their employ 
solely for the purpose of providing spectacular and striking exhibits for the companies' 
advertisement. 

51 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



At the Columbian Exposition practical electricity will be divided into four classes: 
First— Applied electricity for the transportation of passengers and freight. This class 
will include exhibits of the various systems of electric railways, mining tramways, eleva- 
tors, electrically propelled carriages, bicycles, tricycles, boats and the like. Second — 
Applied electricity for the transmission of power over considerable distances. In this class 
will be exhibits of mining work with water-power as the primary force, and industrial 
operations with steam as the motive power, exercised from points that are convenient to 
water-power or to fuel for steam generation. In this exhibit will probably be a section of 
a mountain with water-fall and the necessary wheels, turbines, etc., at the base, and the 
mine in course of operation with electric drills, crusher^, etc., at a distant point. Third — 
Applied electricity in >the transmission of intelligence by sound, speech and mechanical 
vibration. In this class will be exhibits in telegraphy, telephony and their modifications. 
Fourth — Applied electricity in the transmission of heat. In this class will be ranged 
exhibits in electric lighting, arc and incandescent, and industrial processes, such as weld- 
ing and tempering metals, heating and cooking furnaces, ranges, etc. 

Innumerable exhibits naturally to be classified in one or other of these above classes 
will be shown, novelties of all kinds for domestic purposes, such as dish-washers, iron- 
ers, electric bells and others, ad infinitum. 

The Art Palace, Department K. — Grecian-Ionic in style, the Fine Arts Building is 
a pure type of the most refined classic architecture. The building is oblong, and is 500 by 
320 feet, intersected north, east, south and west by a great nave and transept 100 feet wide 
and 70 feet high, at the intersection of which is a dome 60 feet in diameter. The building 
is 125 feet to the top of the dome, which is surmounted by a colossal statue of the type of the 
famous figure of Winged Victory. The transept has a clear space through the center of 60 
feet, being lighted entirely from above. 

On either side are galleries 20 feet wide and 24 feet above the floor. The collections of 
sculpture are displayed on the main floor of the nave and transept, and on the walls 
both of the ground floor and of the galleries, are ample areas for displaying the paintings 
and sculptured panels in relief. The corners made by the crossing of the nave and tran- 
sept are filled with small picture galleries. 

Ai'ound the entire building are galleries 40 feet wide, forming a continuous promenade 
around the classic structure. Between the promenade and the naves are the smaller rooms 
devoted to private collections of paintings and the collections of the various art schools. 
On either side of the main building, and connected with it by handsome corridors, are very 
large annexes, which are also utilized by various art exhibits. 

The main building is entered by four great portals, richly ornamented with architect- 
ural sculpture, and approached by broad flights of steps. The walls of the loggia of the 
colonnades are highly decorated with mural paintings, illustrating the history and prog- 
ress of the arts. The frieze of the exterior walls and the pediments of the principal entrances 
are ornamented with sculptures and portraits in bas-relief of the masters of ancient art. 

The general tone of color is light gray stone. 

The general construction, although of a temporary character, is necessarily fire-proof. 
The main walls are of solid brick, covered with tb staff," architecturally ornamented, while 
the roof, floors and galleries are of iron. 

All light is supplied through glass sky-lights in iron frames, or by electricity. 

The building is located beautifully in the northern portion of the Park, with the south 
front facing the lagoon. It is separated from the lagoon by beautiful terraces, ornamented 
with balustrades, with an immense flight of steps leading down from the main portal to the 
lagoon, where there is a landing for boats. The north front faces the wide lawn and the 
group of State buildings. The immediate neighborhood of the building is ornamented 
with groups of statues, replica ornaments of classic art, such as the Choriagic Monument, 
the "Gave of the Winds," and other beautiful examples of Grecian art. The ornamenta- 
tion also includes statues of heoric and life-size proportions. 

It is the aim of the Department of Fine Arts of the World's Columbian Exposition to 
make a showing of Fine Arts of the various nations, giving each country adequate space 

52 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



in which fairly to represent its highest and most characteristic achievements in painting, 
sculpture, architecture and decoration. In sculpture and architecture it is designed to 
exhibit figures and monuments and monumental decorations, bas-reliefs in marble or 
bi-onze, figures or groups in bronze, bronzes from dre-perdue, gems, cameos and intaglios. 
Under the head of paintings are embraced paintings in oil, paintings in water color, paint- 
ings on ivory, on enamel, on metal, on porcelain and other wares, and fresco painting on 
walls. In addition there are included engravings and etchings, prints, chalk, charcoal, 
pastel and other drawings, and exhibits of private collections. 

Thus it will be seen that every department of the Fine Arts is covered by this classi- 
fication. With a full representation of characteristic work from each country, the student 
will here have an opportunity for study and comparison such as he has never before been 
offered to an equal extent in this country. 

American art, in every department, was given a new impetus by the Centennial Exhi- 
bition of 1876, and it will be a special aim to show the extent of the advancement made in 
American art work during the past sixteen years. It will be endeavored, also, to make a 
retrospective exhibit of American paintings, representing each artist who has achieved 
prominence by characteristic work. This will show all the changes in the traditions and 
methods of our art and the development of the various ''schools ; ' of expression. 

All the works to be admitted to the Department of Fine Arts must first pass an exam- 
ination by a competent jury, duly constituted. In foreign countries, represented by a gen- 
eral commission, or by a national committee, the special commissioner for the Fine Arts 
may be the chairman of such jury, and work only will be received through this foreign 
commission. In America, due notice will be given artists and others of places where pic- 
tures are to be sent at a given time to be examined by American j urors. 

In the department of private collections it is hoped to include not only collections of 
paintings but of art objects of various kinds, representing the choicest productions of the 
art of various nations. In the Oriental arts especially many collections have been formed 
during recent years, and it is desired that there may be a fair showing of what is best in 
Oriental art as embraced in such collections. 

It is proposed to give the best possible expression of architecture as a fine art. It is ex- 
pected that adequate exhibits of recent architectural progress will be made by foreign coun- 
tries, and gratifying interest has been shown in the same direction by American architects. 

The main object of the Art Department is to form a collection of art works which shall 
be in the highest degree interesting and instructive to the visitor to the Exposition — such 
a collection as may give one a higher appreciation of art, and a desire for further knowl- 
edge, which may be satisfied by study of the collection — and a collection, also, as may 
enable one to become acquainted with the characteristics of the best art of all the nations 
and that will induce comparison and develop critical judgment. 

The Battle Ship.— Unique among the other exhibits is that made by the United 
States Navy Department. It is a structure which, to all outward appearance, is a faithful, 
full-sized model of one of the new coast-line battleships. This imitation battleship of 1S93 
is erected on piling on the lake front in the northeast portion of Jackson Park. It is sur- 
rounded by water and has the appearance of being moored to a wharf. The structure has 
all the fittings that belong to the actual ship, such as guns, turrets, torpedo tubes, torpedo 
nets and booms, boats, anchors, chain cables, davits, awnings, deck fittings, etc., etc., 
together with all appliances for working the same. Officers, seamen, mechanics and 
marines are detailed by the Navy Department during the Exposition, and the discipline 
and mode of life on our naval vessels are completely shown. The detail of men is not, 
however, as great as the complement of the actual ship. The crew give certain drills, 
especially boat, torpedo and gun drills, as in a vessel of war. 

The dimensions of the structure are those of the actual battleship, to wit: length, 34S 
feet; width amidships, 69 feet three inches; and from the water line to the top of the main 
deck, 12 feet. Centrally placed on this deck is a superstructure 8 feet high with a ham- 
mock berthing on the same 7 feet high, and above these are the bridge, chart-house and 
the boats. 



53 




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BUILDINGS AND DEE'ARTMENTS. 



At the forward end of the superstructure there is a cone-shaped tower, called the 
"military mast," near the top of which are placed two circular " tops "' as ivc<-ptacles for 
sharpshooters. Rapid firing guns are mounted in each of these tops. The height from 
the water line to the summit of this military mast is 76 feet, and above is placed a flagstaff 
for signaling. 

The battery mounted comprises four 13-inch breech loading rifle cannon, eight 8-inch 
breech loading rifle cannon, four 6-inch breech loading rifle cannon, twenty 6-pound 
rapid firing guns, six 1-pound rapid firing guns, two Gatling guns and six torpedo tubes or 
torpedo guns. All of these are placed and mounted respectively as in the genuine battle- 
ship. 

On the starboard side of the ship is shown the torpedo protection net, stretching the 
entire length of the vessel. Steam launches and cutters ride at the booms, and all the out- 
ward appearance of a real ship of war is imitated. 

The Woman's Building. — As might naturally have been expected, the World's 
Columbian Exposition will be characterized by features entirely new, and not only of dar- 
ing audacity in their conception, but as well of splendid achievement in their execution. 
Of these achievements it is not unlikely that the one that will most forcibly arrest the 
attention of the visitors, especially those from other lands, will be that which finds its con- 
crete expression in the exquisite structure known as the Woman's Building. 

Were women to do nothing else in the great Exposition but present this splendid edi- 
fice, they would have done enough to challenge and command the wonder, admiration and 
respect of the whole civilized world. It is not a graceful structure planned in consonance 
with the softness and grace of those who are to occupy it, by men willing to thereby testify 
homage, but a noble thought conceived in a woman's brain, conceived on lines that have 
won from the most eminent architects the highest meed of praise and appreciation, and 
then carried to completion by women. From its firm foundations to the delicate sculptures 
that crown its lofty roof it is fully, absolutely and entirely woman's work. Nor is it the 
product of a single brain, of a single individual. In reply to the announcement that there 
would be an open competition among women architects for the plan of the building, there 
came plans from a dozen women — plans of such a high order of excellence that it was only 
after long and careful deliberation with the architects intrusted with the planning of the 
great structures of the Exposition, that the Chief of Construction awarded the prize to 
Miss Sophia G. Hayden. 

A further surprise awaited the architects in the revelation of Miss Hayden's ability 
to prepare and furnish all necessary working plans, drawings and estimates, and generally 
to assume precisely the position and responsibility resting on each of themselves in the 
erection of the buildings they had planned. Work was at once begun upon the building, 
and it will be the first to be completed. 

It is situated at the northwestern end of the lagoon. To the south, and separated 
from it by broad gardens, is the stately crystal mass of the Horticultural Building ; to the 
north rises the imposing dome of the Illinois State Building ; while directly opposite its 
eastern facade, across the shining waters of the lagoon, the dainty tracery of the Fisheries 
Building forms an entrancing picture. 

The extreme dimensions of the building are 400 x 200 feet, the longer axis running 
nearly north and south. The general scheme of construction is a center pavilion connected 
with two end pavilions by arcades which are open in the first story. Architecturally con- 
sidered, it is of the school of the Italian Renaissance, very delicately treated, the detail 
being worked out in an essentially feminine manner. 

The principal facade is that upon the lagoon, which at this point forms a bay about 
400 feet in diameter. From this bay a grand landing and staircase lead up to the first ter- 
race, elevated six feet above the water level. This terrace is laid out in great flower beds, 
and along the water front and also at th ~> rise of the second terrace, it is defined by artistic 
balustrades. The second terrace — that upon which the building stands — is but four feet 
high and is reached from the first by numerous broad staircases. A space of 100 feet or 
more on this terrace surrounds the building. The first story is raised about ten feet above 



51 



■OAKLAWN KAK.M." 



M. W. DUNHAM'S " OAKLAWN FARM," 

AN ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL REPUTATION. 

It was selected by the United States Government as the model stock farm of the 
country to be visited by the Pan-American Congress, October 22, 1889. 

Wayne is located on the Galena Division of the C. & N.-W. R. R., 35 miles from Chicago. 

Our historical sketches of Universal Expositions would be incomplete if we failed to 
mention this great Horse Breeding establishment, which has played such an important 
part in nearly every Universal Exposition of Europe and America, and lias become the 
home of nearly a hundred winners at the last five Universal Expositions. 

At the Universal Exposition, Paris, 1889, fifteen hundred horses of all breeds were 
entered. Exhibits in the Coach and Carriage classes, in numbers of animals and variety 
of breeds, have never been equaled at any previous Exposition. Ninety-six competed in 
the two-year-old class, 190 in the three-year-old class, 64 in the four-year-old class, and 145 
mares. Breeds of Carriage Horses were represented from England, Scotland. Russia, Ger- 
man Empire, Spain, Algiers, the Indies and France. 

11 Gold Medals Awarded Dunham's Collection, Universal Exposition, Paris, 1SS9, viz.: 

Vermouth 11517 [22503] 4 years old. Gold medal. First prize. 1.000 francs. 

Bijou 11846 [23276] 4 years old. Gold medal. First prize. 1,000 francs. 

Sarah Bernhart 11416 [18543]... 2 years old. Gold medal. First prize. 1.000 francs. 

Semele 11254 [20479] 3 years old. Gold medal. First prize. 1,000 francs. 

Henri 355 4 years old. Gold medal. First prize. 1,000 francs. 

Heritier 3586 4 years old. Gold medal. First prize. 1.000 francs. 

Indre 385 ... 3 years old. Gold medal. First prize. 1,000 francs. 

Inn 404 3 years old. Gold medal. First prize. 1.000 francs. 

Ismael 394 3 years old. Gold medal. First prize. 1,000 francs. 

Ismael 400 3 years old. Gold medal. First prize. 1.000 francs. 

Jovial 395 2 years old. Gold medal. First prize. 1.000 francs. 

Inada 407 3 years old. Gold medal. First prize. l.nOO francs. 

Liberte 365 3 years old. Gold medal. First prize. 1.000 francs. 

Mercedes 1004 2 years old. Gold medal. First prize. l,0Cu francs. 

We are informed that the "Oaklawn " entries for the Columbian Exposition. Chicago. 
1893. have already been made, and are on a scale that assures a grander exhibit than has 
ever been made at any previous Universal Exposition. 

The breeding of horses at " Oaklawn " began in 1868. The farm comprises 1,700 acres. 
Capacity of stables, 700 head. Annual sales, $500,000. 

Average number of pure-bred Percheron and French Coach mares kept for breeding 
purposes, 200. 

Average number of breeding stallions and mares imported annually during the past 
five years, 250; highest number, 390. 

It is generally believed that " Oaklawn " has, for the last quarter of a century, exer- 
cised a greater influence upon improved horse breeding than any other private breeding 
establishment in the world. 

Here the sturdy and vigorous Percherons have been bred in their highest perfection 
and distributed to all parts of the continent by thousands, adding untold value to our native 
breeds, giving increased size, a hardy constitution, a sanguine yet docile temperament. 
thus uniting all the qualities necessary to perform the rapid and heavy work demanded by 
agricultural progress. 

Here, also, was first imported and bred (and can now be found in large numbers) the 
French Coach Horse, the typical carriage horse of Europe, a horse combining size, sym- 
metry, speed and endurance that has no equal ; and in speed second only to the American 
trotter, possessing in a high degree all the qualities which are wanting in our great trot- 
ting families to make them fine carriage horses — that is size, beautiful conformation, with 
the high, trappy knee-action, instead of the long, mechanical stride. They are destined 
to become the sires of a great race of Carriage Horses, the female basis of which shall be 
the well-bred trotting mares of good form that are too slow to produce extreme speed, and 
are without the size or gait necessary for carriage use. In this age of scarcity and high 
price of high-class carriage horses, there are thousands of mares that are annually disap- 
pointing their owners, that would prove mines of wealth if bred to typical French Coach 
Sial lions. 

From Mr. Dunham's catalogue for 1891, comprising nearly 300 pages of reading matter 



'•OAKLAWN FARM." 



invaluable to the draft and coach horse breeder, which, in high class workmanship and 
artistic embellishment, surpasses any stock catalogue that has ever come to our notice, 
we extract the following- from the introduction, believing it will give to our readers a 
more correct idea of this establishment than anything we might write: 

" This catalogue marks the twenty-fifth year of Percheron horse breeding at 'Oaklawn. ' 
It represents the progress of a quarter of a century of personal labor in the interest of 
improved horse breeding, which has not, I believe, been barren of beneficial results to our 
country. To me they have been years of pleasure, as I have seen my ambitions realized in 
the successful planting of a breeding establishment that should, in the typical perfection 
of its product, rival in quality the choicest specimens of the famed valleys of the Perche. 

"The accomplishment of this purpose has necessitated a continouous selection of the 
finest specimens from the country of their nativity. That every first prize stallion, 3, 4 
and 5 years old, with two exceptions, of the Great Show of the Societe Hippique Per- 
cheronne, has, since the beginning of my operations, come to 'Oaklawn, ' and nearly all the 



g^ 




Group of Percheron Horses, Oaklawn Farm, from Painting by Whitney. 
Brilliant 1271 [755], the most Famous of all Draft Stallions, with Five of his Get. 

mares of these exhibitions, as well as of the Universal Expositions of Paris, 1578 and 1889, 
are facts in history, and have contributed to the remarkable development of draft horse 
interests in this country. 

"To 'Oaklawn ' belongs the honor of being the birthplace of the first pure-bred Per- 
cheron colt foaled in Illinois, and the first pure-bred French Coach colt foaled in America. 

"In the selection as a basis for a stud of Percheron and French Coach horses, the 
greatest personal care has been given. A careful study of the origin and peculiarities of 
the ancestors of each individual has been an inflexible rule. That some French Coach 
horses are traceable, on both sire and dam side, from fifteen to seventeen generations, will 
give one an idea of the labor and research necessary to acquire a fairly discriminating 
knowledge of the pedigrees of each animal. To simply trace a pedigree is not difficult, 
but to learn the history of the individuals composing it, their color, quality, characteristics, 
etc., which is essential to the judgment of its value, is a task that but few accomplish, 
notwithstanding it is one of the most necessary attainments of the highly successful 
breeder. 

"The information j)resented in this issue, giving the cumulative history and records 
of the individuals and their ancestors for so many generations, will furnish the reader 
some idea of the information at the command of a careful student of French Coach horse 
breeding; information that will be greatly appreciated, I doubt not, by the buyers of this 
class of stock, as from the history of the ancestors the hereditary and transmissible power 
of the individuals may be correctly judged and their relative value determined. As an 
illustration: Two animals maybe exactly of the same conformation, one tracing by blood 
lines to animals of remarkable speed and endurance, the other to those that have never 
distinguished themselves. To the practical breeder one horse would have many times the 
value of the other. Without this knowledge both horses would be equal. 

" Believing that the prosperity of any establishment depends upon the success of the 
stock that goes out from it, it has been the policy of 'Oaklawn,' in both Percheron and 
French Coach horses, to select only those that possess individual qualities in themselves 
and in their ancestry, which gives to them the highest value for their respective purposes, 
and a most generous patronage for more than twenty-five years has rewarded my efforts." 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



the ground-line and is reached through a triple arched entrance. These successive eleva- 
tions bring the roof-line over 70 feet from the water-line, and the superb crowning groups 
of statuary yet to be described still further carry up the graceful lines of the structure. 
Passing through the entrance a broad lobby, 40 feet wide, conducts directly into the great 
central rotunda, 70 x 60 feet, which reaches through the height of the building and is sur- 
mounted by a richly ornamented skylight. This rotunda is surrounded by a two-story, 
open arcade, which admits light and air to the interior space and gives a thoroughly 
Italian court-yard effect. To right and left of the main entrance are situated a model kin- 
dergarten and a model hospital. The southern pavilion is devoted to a retrospective 
exhibit of woman's work in past time from all lands. The northern pavilion will be given 
up to the reform and charitable organization exhibits. 

In the main rotunda will be displayed the most brilliant achievements of women in all 
lines of work. These exhibits will be admitted on invitation only, and the rnei-e fact that 
an exhibit is found there will be tantamount to the very highest recognition of merit that 
can be bestowed. 

The second story will contain parlors and reception-rooms, committee-rooms, dressing- 
rooms, etc.; the great Assembly Hall above the north pavilion; and the model kitchen, 
refreshment rooms, etc., above the south pavilion. Those rooms above the main entrance 
will give access to an open balcony extending across the front of the building and com- 
manding a view of unrivaled beauty and splendor. The vast roof is supported by immense 
caryatides designed and modeled by Miss Enid Yandall, of Kentucky, and is laid out as a 
great roof garden, where again woman's brain and woman's hand will plan and execute. 

A special feature of the beautiful building will be the sculpture with which it will be 
adorned. Twenty designs in plaster were submitted by as many women for the statuary 
for the roof line and for the relief work in the pediments. The well-known sculptor 
Augustus St. Gaudens found it an exceedingly difficult matter to select the best of these, 
so evenly excellent a.nd so highly artistic and appropriate were all of the submitted de- 
signs. Miss Alice Hideout, of California, finally was awarded the coveted distinction. 
Three main groups are included in Miss Rideout's accepted design, representing respect- 
ively " Woman's Virtues," "Woman as the Spirit of Civilization *' and "Woman's Place 
in History." The first and last groups will stand free above the attic cornice sixty feet 
from the ground. The third, "Woman as the Spirit of Civilization," will be in high 
relief, and will fill the pediment over the main entrance. 

The exterior of the building is covered with "staff," which is to be tinted in soft tones 
of color in harmony with the delicate grace of the architectural lines. 

In recognition of the paramount importance and value of the work, and the idea that 
this building represents, Congress created the Board of Lady Managers, the corporation 
known as the World's Columbian Exposition set apart $200,000 for the erection and main- 
tenance of the building, and in a number of States the example of Illinois, which set aside 
$80,000 — or ten per cent of its appropriation — for woman's work, has been followed. 

The objects of the Board of Lady Managers have been concisely stated by the Presi- 
dent of that organization as follows : 

" To give an adequate idea of the extent and value of what is being done by women in 
the arts, sciences and industries. 

"To show to the breadwinners, who are fighting unaided the battle of life, the new 
avenues of employment that are constantly being opened to women, and in which of these 
their work will be of the most distinct value by reason of their natural adaptability, sensi- 
tive and artistic temperaments, and individual tastes; what education will best enable 
them to enjoy the wider opportunities awaiting them and make their work of the greatest 
worth, not only to themselves, but to the world." 

Lack of space alone prevents any mention of the exquisite work of decoration in the 
way of mural paintings, carvings in wood, metal and stone, tapestries, etc., all the handi- 
work of women, that will be found in this temple erected to the honor and worth of woman 
as a worker and active agent in the progress and civilization of the race. 

Even to the careless and the mere amusement seeker at the great Exposition this 
building, by its noble proportions and radiant beauty, will be an object lesson that will 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



produce an impression the influence of which will remain long after the memory of mere 
wonders has faded away. 

THE Illinois State Building.— The Illinois Building at the World's Columbian 
Exposition is by far the most pretentious of those designed by the several States of the 
Union. Being in a sense the host at the Exposition, it was deemed not only proper hut 
requisite that Illinois should make such appropriation and provide such a building as 
would enable her to perform creditably the duties of that office. The State appropriated 
.$800,000. 

Situated on a high terrace, in one of the most favored spots in Jackson Park, the Illi- 
nois Building commands, for nearly a mile to the southward, a view of the beautiful water- 
way which encircles the great island and extends to the buildings for Electricity and 
Mines, while to the northward, across a branch of the lagoon, is presented the imposing 
facade of the Palace of Fine Arts. 

The building in the main is 180 feet wide by 450 feet long. On the north, Memorial 
Hall forms a wing 50 by 75 feet, and on the south another wing, 75 by 123 feet, and three 
stories high, accommodates the executive offices, and in the third story, two public halls. 
The side walls are 47 feet high, while the south wing is 72 feet and the ends 54 feet. Sur- 
mounting the building at the center, a fine dome, 72 feet in diameter, rises to a height of 
235 feet. The building is constructed almost wholly of Illinois material — wood, stone, brick 
and steel— and is covered with " staff " artistically treated. The grand entrance faces the 
waterway to the south, while at the west and north ends are others scarcely less imposing. 
In front of the entrances are beautiful terraces with balustrades, statues, fountains, flowers 
and stone steps leading down to the roadways and lagoon landings. 

The building is embellished with fine carving and statuary. It is thoroughly lighted, 
first from the side windows, which are placed about fourteen feet above the floor to permit 
cases to be placed against the walls; second, with skylights placed in the flat roof of the 
side aisles; and third, with continuous skylights on the ridge of a pitched roof or nave. 
Ventilation is provided for through windows placed a story above the flat aisle roof and 
the foot of the sloping roof over the nave. The interior of the structure is appropriately 
and beautifully ornamented. 

Memorial Hall, which is fire-proof, has a gallery encircling it, and contains a large and 
interesting collection of relics and trophies of the war and other periods, all owned by the 
State. 

One feature of the Illinois Building which is sure to attract much attention, consists 
of five model common school rooms, of high grade, fully equipped and furnished under the 
direction of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Here may be seen an illus- 
tration of the methods and results of educational work. 

General. — Information concerning the State buildings is yet quite incomplete, as few 
of the plans have been approved. It is expected that nearly all will erect buildings as 
State headquarters and receptacles for collective exhibits illustrating their resources. 
Thus far data for the buildings of twenty-two States, as projected, have been received at 
headquarters. These structures, for the most part, will be two stories in height, will aver- 
age about 75x75 feet in dimensions, and will cost all the way from $10,000 to $100,000 each. 
The dimensions of the great Exposition buildings are indicated in the following table : 

Dimensions Area in 
Buildings. in feet. Acres. 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts ?87xl6S7 30.5 

Administration 262x 262 1.6 

Mines 350x 700 5.6 

Electricity 345x 690 5.5 

Transportation 256x 960 5.6 

Transportation Annex 425x 900 8.8 

Woman's 199x 388 1.8 

Art Galleries . 320x 500 3.7 

Art Gallery Annexes (2) 120x 200 1.1 

Fisheries 165x 365 1.4 

Fisheries Annexes (2) 135 diam .8 

Eorticulture 250x 998 5.7 

56 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



Dimensions Area in 

Buildings. infect. Acres. 

Horticulture Greenhouses (8) 24x 100 .5 

Machinery 492x 846 9.6 

Machinery Annex 490x 550 6.2 

Machinery Power House lOOx 461 ] 

Machinery Pumping Works 77x 84 [■ 2.1 

Machinery Machine Shop 106x 250 J 

Agriculture 500x 800 9.2 

Agriculture Annex 300x 550 3.8 

Agriculture Assembly Hall, etc 125x 450 1.3 

Forestry 208x 528 2.5 

Sawmill 125x 300 .8 

Dairy lOOx 200 .5 

Live Stock (2) 65x 200 .9 

Live Stock Pavilion 280x 440 2.8 

Live Stock Sheds 40.0- 

Casino 120x 250 .7 

Music Hall 120x 250 .7 

153.7 

United States Government 345x 415 3.3 

United States Government Imitation Battleship 69.25x 348 .3 

Illinois State 160x 450 1.7 

Illinois State Wings (2) .3 

159.3 

The last three are being erected, the first two by the United States Government an (J 
the third by the State of Illinois. The visitor, however, will naturally class them among 
the great Exposition structures. 

The Exposition buildings, not including those of the Government and Illinois, have 
also a total gallery area of 45.9 acres, thus making their total floor space 199.7 acres. The 
Fine Arts Building has 7.885 lineal feet, or 145,852 square feet, of wall space. 

Annexes — All of the annexes will be scarcely less imposing and architecturally beau- 
tiful than the main buildings themselves. The live-stock sheds, which will cover- an 
immense area as indicated, are to be constructed as inexpensively as possible without 
marring the general architectural effect. The power houses, pumping works, etc., are to- 
be exhibits in themselves, and so constructed as to be readily inspected by visitors. There 
will be several Exposition buildings in addition to those named, but data concerning thenx 
are not yet fully determined. Among them will be a Press Building, in which every pos- 
sible convenience and accommodation for the press representatives of the world will be 
provided; and a reproduction of the Spanish convent, La Rabida, in which a wonderfully 
complete collection of Columbus relics and allied exhibits will be gathered. The total cost 
of the Exposition structures alone is estimated at $8,000,000. 

The amount ($8,000,000) which the Exposition company expects to expend upon build- 
ings represents less than one-half of its total estimated expenditure for the great enter- 
prise. Following are estimates of various other expenses: 

Grading, filling, etc $ 450,400 Water supply, sewerage, etc. . . .$ 600,000' 

Landscape gardening 323,400 Improvement of Lake Front. .. . 200,000' 

Viaducts and bridges 125,000 World's Congress Auxiliary 200,000 

Piers 70,000 Construction department ex- 
Waterway improvements 225,000 penses, fuel, etc 520,000 

Railways 500,000 Organization and administra- 

Steam plant 800,000 tion 3,308,553 

Electricity 1,500,000 Operating expenses during Ex- 
Statuary on buildings 100,000 position . / 1,550,000- 

Vases, lamps and posts 50,000 

Seating 8,000 Total $10,530,453 

Add to this the amount estimated to be necessary for buildings ($8,000,000) and the 
grand total sum to be expended by the Exposition company stands at $18,530,453. This 
does not include, of course, the expenditure by the United States Government, the States 
of the Union, or foreign countries. Of this $18,530,453, about $17,000,000 must be paid out 

57 



BUILDINGS AND DEPARTMENTS. 



before the gates of the Exposition are thrown open to the public May 1, 1893. Owing to 
the present enormous demands of construction, the expenditure is now running at nearly 
$1,000,000 a month. 

To supply the Exposition buildings and grounds with water two plants are being put 
in, one with a capacity of 24,000,000 gallons per day and the other of 40.000.000 gallons. 
Thus 64,000,000 gallons per day will be available. The pumping works and all the great 
machinery furnishing power to the Exposition will be open to the inspection of visitors. 

Publicity and Promotion. —Department O. — The work of this department is of 
the greatest importance in that it has full charge of the dissemination of general informa- 
tion and of such advertising matter as appeals directly to the interested people in all parts 
of the world. Its work is necessarily very larg'e by reason of the great demand for infor- 
mation, and the accumulation of facts in connection with the Exposition. This depart- 
ment is sending out an average of nearly 15,000 pieces of printed matter daily, and the 
mail list embraces the names of about 17,000 newspapers, to which an average of five 
printed articles are mailed each week for publication. The regular letters containing 
news and descriptive matter in relation to the Exposition are sent to papers in all parts of the 
world for publication. Those sent to foreign countries are written in the language of the 
country to which they are forwarded. Information is also furnished daily to the Chicago 
papers, both as to departmental work and the progress of construction at Jackson Park; 
also to the Associated Press, United Press and the Press News Association. It is esti- 
mated that over 100,000 words daily are being published by this department, which will be 
equal to an ordinary 300 page book per day. 

Foreign Affairs. — Department P. — This department has charge of all matters 
pertaining to the foreign interests of the Exposition. The accredited representatives of 
iill foreign countries correspond with the Exposition through this department, and all 
Foreign Commissioners of the Exposition come under its supervision and report direct to 
it. It will be seen that the work of this department is large, and necessarily very impor- 
tant. The correspondence is so extensive and important in its nature as to require great 
tact and diplomatic ability in order to meet the peculiar ideas and customs of the many 
different peoples throughout the world. On its work depends, in a great measure, a proper 
and intelligent understanding of the plan and scope of the Exposition in its international 
relations. 




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Steam R.R. 
■ Elevated R.R. 
Cable 6» 
Horse R.R. 



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MAP OF CHICAGO 



William O. Green, Pres't 



Geo. C. Hempstead. Treas. 



THE 



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MANUFACTURERS OF 



LUMBER, LATH, SHINGLES, PICKETS, ETC. 

Office and Yard, East End of Illinois Street 

Chicago, III. 







JJOLBROOK QO 



HARDWOOD 



37 is & Stewart Ave. 

Chicago. 










Geo. B. Carpenter & Co. 



SHIP CHANDLERS AND SAIL MAKERS 



DEALERS IN 



***TW1NES AND CORDAGE 



COTTON DUCK 

STEEL AND IRON WIRE ROPE 

CHAINS, BLOCKS, Etc^T^S) 



202 to 208 South Water Street 



CHICAGO 



CHICAGO, 1892. 



CHAPTER VI. 
CHICAGO, 1892. 

Location. — The City of Chicago is situated on the west shore of the great inland sea 
known as Lake Michigan, 850 miles from the City of Baltimore, the nearest point on the 
Atlantic, and 2,417 miles from San Francisco on the Pacific. It mean elevation is twenty- 
five feet above Lake Michigan, or 591 feet above mean sea level. 

Size. — The area of the City of Chicago is 174 square miles, divided by the Chicago 
River and its branches into three sections, known as the North, South and West Divisions. 
These are connected by sixty-one swing bridges and two tunnels. The Park and Boulevard 
system of Chicago, occupying 3,290 acres, is the most extensive of any city in the world 
and is alone worthy of a visit; when completed it will surround the city on three sides, 
forming - a series of drives almost unrivalled. 

World's Fair. — The selection of Chicago as the location for the World's Fair 1893, 
by a majority of both Houses of Congress, is indicative of the strong impression made upon 
representatives from all sections of the United States as to its perfect fitness for this vast 
undertaking. There is no other city in the Union which for position alone could compare 
with Chicago; centrally located, with thousands of miles of direct railroad connections, it 
is equi-distant to Spain and Japan, London and Canton, Buenos Ayres and St. Petersburgh. 
Mexico and Montreal are brought to its gates. Still farther, Chicago is entitled to the 
World's Fair from its rank as a cosmopolitan city, being the second city on this continent 
in population and the seventh in the world, and such a population! 

Outside of London it is doubtful if any city in the world can show a larger and as 
varied a foreign population as the City of Chicago. 

NATIONALITIES COMPRISING THE POPULATION OP THE CITY OF CHICAGO^ 
ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OP 1890. 

American.... 292, 463 English 33,785 Hollanders 4,912 Spanish 297 

German 384,958 French 12,963 Hungarians 4,827 Portugese 34 

Irish 215,534 Scotch 11,927 Swiss 2,735 East Indians 28 

Bohemian 54,209 Welsh 2,966 Roumanians 4,350 West Indians 37 

Polish 52,756 Russian 9,977 Canadians 6,989 Sandwich Islands 31 

Swedish 45,877 Danes 9,891 Belgians 682 Mongolians 1,217 

Norwegian... 44,615 Italians 9,921 Greeks 698 

1,208,669 

Theatres. — There are twenty-four theatres in Chicago, with an estimated average 
gross attendance daily of from 20,000 to 25,000 persons. 

CHURCHES. — There are 465 places of public worship, of all denominations, in Chicago, 
with an estimated gross attendance on each and every Sunday of not less than 120,000 
persons. 

Accommodations. — It is a cause of great satisfaction to all interested in the success of 
the World's Fair 1893, that Chicago stands unrivalled in the world for its accommodations 
for visitors; from the most carefully selected statistics there is unquestioned evidence that 
it will absorb, without inconvenience, double the number of transient visitors of any other 
city on this continent. There are at the present writing over fourteen hundred hotels, 
large and small, with a united capacity sufficient to care comfortably for at least one hun- 
dred and fifty thousand extra guests; this is entirely outside of the enormous number of 
boarding and private houses, which, in an emergency, would probably double this estimate. 
It is quite within reason to look forward to an increase of at least one-fourth more in these 
accommodations within the next year. In addition to the above large number of hotels, 
there are in Chicago at the present time over six hundred restaurants and cafes, with a 
feeding capacity of at least one hundred thousand persons daily. 

Chicago as a Railway Center. — For the clearance of the great volume of traffic, 
in addition to the water facilities, there are thirty-five railway lines terminating in Chi- 

59 



CHICAGO. 1892. 



cago. They reach from Chicago to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Lake Superior and 
the Gulf of Mexico, and all the great cities of the United States and Canada, as well as the 
borders of Manitoba and Mexico. These lines vary in length from 50 to 7.000 miles. 

There are six Union depots in the city, handsome and commodious structures, besides 
two depots used exclusively by the lines which own them. 

A passenger may enter at Chicago a luxuriously furnished sleeping car, and without 
leaving it, reach any of the principal sea-board cities of the United States, as well as railway 
lines leading into Canada on the North, and Mexico on the South. Nine hundred and two 
exclusively passenger trains arrive and depart at Chicago each day. of which 248 are 
through or express trains, the remainder, suburban and accommodation trains. It is esti- 
ma.ted thai fully 17.",, (Mm people arrive and depart each day at Chicago. 

In the way of warehouses and trackage the railroad facilities are so great that even the 
tremendous pressure brought about by a World's Pair will hardly be looked upon as a 
strain. Several belt lines encircle the city, affording connection and transportation facili- 
ties with every entering railroad, thus giving direct connection between depots located at 
a distance from each other. 

Add to this modern convenience, the fact that the actual yard facilities for the storage 
of freight, pending its delivery, are already in excess of local requirements, large as they 
are, and the fact that in nearly every case they can be increased if necessary, the result is 
a combination of freight facilities practically perfect. 

Railroad Depots. — The following is a complete list of the various railways entering 
Chicago, with their branch lines. The number set opposite each name indicates the Depot 
terminals of each, as shown on the Map of Chicago opposite page 58. 
7 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe. 7 Chicago and Western Indiana. 

3 Baltimore and Ohio. I Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis and Chi- 

4 Chicago and Alton. cago (Big Four, or Kankakee Route). 
7 Chicago and Erie. 1 Illinois Central. 

4 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy. 5 Lake Shore and Michigan Southern. 

7 Chicago and Eastern Illinois. 1 Michigan Central. 

4 Chicago, Evanston and Lake Shore. 2 Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western. 

7 Chicago and Grand Trunk. 4 Milwaukee and Northern. 

4 Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul. 7 Missouri Pacific. 

2 Chicago and Northwestern. 7 Monon Route (L., N. A. and C.) 

5 Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific. 5 N. Y., C. and St. L. (Nickel Plate). 

7 Chicago, St. Paul and Kansas City. 4 Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis. 

6 Chicago and Northern Pacific. 4 Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne and Chicago. 
6 Chicago and Southwestern. 7 Wabash. 

1 Chicago and West Michigan. 6 Wisconsin Central. 

Street Railways. — There are 396 miles of Street Railways in the City of Chicago, 
running to all parts of the city and furnishing accommodations to nearly 600.000 people per- 
day. This capacity will be greatly increased during the present year in anticipation of the 
large influx of visicors during 1893. 

The Press of Chicago. — There are 531 newspapers published in Chicago, and the 
extent of their circulation may be gauged from the statement that 20,000,000 pounds of 
serial matter finds its way through the Chicago post office annually. 

The high character of these publications will compare favorably with those of any 
metropolis in the world; in fact, the leading newspapers of Chicago have an established 
reputation for enterprise and energy in securing the news of the day and for editorial 
ability second to none. 

Extract from Chicago's Recorded History for the Fiscal Year of 1890. 

Financial. —The bonded debt of the city amounts to $13,545,400, bearing interest from 
3}4 to 7 per cent. The total annual interest paid on present bonded debt for past year, 
$825,350.40. The bonded debt will be increased during the next two years by the issuance 
of 1 pei' cent, bonds — $5,000,000 as authorized by the State Legislature for increased expenses 
for the World's Fair, which will make the city debt little more than $18,500,000. This is a. 
much smaller debt than any other city of a similar size. 

Public Works. — This branch of the city's industries had an unusually active season 
in all its departments; 108 miles of new pavement have been laid. 116 miles the year- 

60 



CHICAGO, 1892. 



before, making, with all other paved streets, a total of 662 miles of paved streets in Chi- 
cago. Nearly one quarter of a million square yards of the old pavements have been relaid 
during the year. Over 433 miles of sidewalk were laid during the year, against 191 miles 
laid the previous year. 

The Health Department of a city like Chicago finds ample scope for the exercise 
of ability, diligence and official faithfulness in the discharge of important duties of that 
branch of municipal service. The year closed with a death rate of 18.22 (which is below 
that of any other large city in the United States). 

Educational. — In 1887 there was appropriated for educational purposes $2,250,000; in 
1888 nearly $2,500,000; in 1889 about the same; in 1890 nearly $4,750,000; for the past 
year, 1891, over $5,500,000. Total in five years, $17,500,000, There are 218 school build- 
ings with a seating capacity of 125,000 scholars; 186 school rooms added the i^ast year. 
Total enrollment of pupils 139,000. 

Public Library. — The interest in the public library increases every year. The year 
ending March, 1891, the circulation was 1,125,000 books. Nearly 18,000 volumes were 
added during the year, making, in the twenty-four branch stations throughout the city, 
161,000. A glance at the reading room to see the regular attendance and the number of 
books being read is the best evidence showing how the Public Library is appreciated by 
the people of Chicago. 

Building Department. — In 1839, 7,590 buildings were erected, covering over thirty- 
four miles of street frontage, costing $31,516,000; during 1890, 11,640 buildings, covering a 
street frontage of fifty-one miles, costing $48,000,000. 

Miscellaneous. — The following tabulation of data, with approximate estimate of cost 
and valuations, is submitted for reference : 

Actual Cost. CashValue. 

Water Works $17,000,000 $50,000,000 

Sewers 11,000,000 11,000,000 

School Property 10,000,000 11,000,000 

Police Property 550,000 844,000 

Fire Property 2,000,000 2,500,000 

Public Library 300,000 232,000 

Street Lamps 750,000 750, 000 

Electric Light Property 500,000 2,000,000 

Real Estate 1,000,000 1,000,000 

Buildings 2,000,000 2,000,000 

House of Correction 800,000 1,000,000 

$45,900,000 $82,326,000 

Liabilities, bonded debt 13,545,400 

Making a total (net) value of city property of 68,780,600 

Assessed valuation of real and personal property 219,354, 368 

Total amount of levy for city purposes 4,397,087 

Revenue for Licenses 3,000,000 

Number of steam railway lines entering the city 35 

Miles of street railway track laid 396 

Miles electric wire 1,200 

Acres in public parks 3,290 

Miles in boulevards 74 

Miles of streets in city 2,300 

Number of river bridges 61 

Number of viaducts 29 

Number of street lamps 37,000 

Miles of river frontage 41 

Miles of frontage on Lake Michigan 21 



WORLD'S FAIR LONDON J. Sol. 



CHAPTER VII. 
THE WORLD'S FAIR LONDON 1851. 

While in past years, previous to 1851, there have been gatherings of merchants from 
different nations for trade and commerce, yet the ti-st well-defined World's Fair was the 
one held in London in 1851, and in a building known as the Crystal Palace. So far as 
concerns National Exhibitions, we must bear in mind that the initial movement is due to 
the French who first undertook to offer prizes at public exhibitions for distinctive excel- 
lence. Later on, England followed in the same line, and the local exhibition at Birming- 
ham was so complete and exhaustive, that it doubtless secured public attention when the 
International Exhibition of 1853 was suggested. 

Architecture. — To secure a proper design for building, an invitation was addressed 
through the public prints to architects of all nations, to furnish designs for an edifice the 
roof of which was to cover 700.000 square feet, and the area of which, including the open 
spaces, was not to exceed 900.000 square feet. Other conditions were enumerated which 
indicated that the whole of the details had been carefully and judiciously considered. 
Although the time allowed for the preparation of the drawings was only a month, there 
were no fewer than 233 competitors, many of whom sent in designs of a highly elaborate 
character. Of these 38, or one-sixth of the whole, were from foreigners, 12S from London 
and its immediate vicinity, and 51 from the provincial towns of England. After long and 
serious consideration, the well-known plan of Mr. Paxton was adopted, and the building 
was properly entitled the Crystal Palace. 

The actual location of the Crystal Palace was not settled until late in 1849, when per- 
mission was secured for the use of Hyde Park, and the design, presented by Sir Joseph 
Paxton, was adopted. Sir Joseph being a landscape gardener, his ideas were quite in the 
line of his profession, for the form and shape of the Crystal Palace is based upon that of 
the gigantic leaf of the Victoria Regia. or African water lily. The contract for this 
building was made with Fox & Henderson, who bound themselves to complete the building 
— 1,851 feet long, to correspond with the year, and 450 feet broad — in four months, using 
900,000 square feet of glass, weighing more than 400 tons ; 3,300iron columns, varying from 
15 to 20 feet in length, with 34 miles of guttering pipe joining all the columns together 
underground ; 2,225 girders ; 205 miles of sash bar ; flooring for an area of 33,000,000 cubic 
feet, besides enormous quantities of wooden walling, louvre work and partition. To 
indicate the rapidity of construction, it may be stated that 18,392 pieces of glass were 
fixed in the roof in one week by 8i) men, and 108 pieces, or 367 feet, 6 inches, of glazing 
being accomplished by one of the glaziers in a single day, the total cost being estimated in 
round figures at $965,000. Prince Albert, the father of this enterprise, at a grand banquet 
given by the Lord Mayor of London, delivered an address, from which we extract the 
following remarks, fully as applicable to the present time, as when these noble sentiments 
were uttered : 

" I conceive it to be the duty of every educated person closely to watch and study the 
time in which he lives, and. as far as in him lies, to add his humble mite of individual 
exertion to further the accomplishment of what he believes Providence to have ordained. 
Nobody, however, who has paid any attention to the particular features of our presenl era, 
will doubt for a moment that we are living at a period of most wonderful transition, which 
tends rapidly to accomplish that great end — to which, indeed, all history points— the real- 
ization of the unity of mankind: not a unity which breaks down the limits and revels the 
peculiar characteristics of the different nations of the earth, but rather a unity, the 
results and products of these very national varieties and antagonistic qualities. The dis- 
tances which separated the different nations and parts of the globe are gradually vanishing 
before the achievements of modern invention and we can traverse them with incredible 
speed; the languages of all nations are known, and their acquirement placed within the 
reach of everybody: thought is communicated with the rapidity and even by the power of 
lightning. On the other hand, the greal principleof the division of labor, which may be 
called the moving power of civilization, is being extended to all branches of science, indus- 
try and art. Whilst formerly the greatest mentel energies strove at universal knowledge, 

G2 



WORLDS PAIB LONDON 1851. 



and that knowledge was confined to few, now they are directed to specialties, and in these 
again even to the minutest points. Moreover, the knowledge now acquired becomes the 

property of the community at large. Whilst formerly discovery was wrapt in secrecy, it, 
results from the publicity of the present day, that no sooner is a discovery or invention 
made, than it is already improved upon and surpassed by competing efforts. The products 
of all quarters of the globe are placed at our disposal, and we have todevise which is the 
best and cheapest for our purposes, and the powers of production are contrasted to the 
stimulus of competition and capital. Thus man is approaching a more complete fulfillment 
of that great and sacred mission which he has to perform in this world. His reason being 
created after the image of God, he has to use it to discover the laws by which the 
Almighty governs his creation, and by making these laws his standard of action, to con- 
quer nature to his use— himself a divine instrument. Science discovers these laws of 
power, motion and transformation: industry applies them to the raw matter which the 
earth yields us in abundance, but which becomes valuable only by knowledge; art teaches 
us the immutable laws of beauty and symmetry, and gives to our productions forms in 
accordance with them. The exhibition of 1851 is to give us a true text and a living picture 
of the point of development at which the whole of mankind has arrived in this great task, 
and a new starting point, from which all nations will be able to direct their future exer- 
tions. 1 confidently hope the first impression which'the view of this vast collection will 
produce on the spectator will be that of deep thankfulness to the Almighty for the bless- 
ings which he has bestowed upon us already here below; and the second, the conviction 
that they can only be realized in proportion to the help which we are prepared to render 
each other; therefore, only by peace, love and ready assistance, not only between individ- 
uals, but between the nations of the earth. This being my conviction," I must be highly 
gratified to see here assembled the magistrates of all important towns of this realm, sink- 
ing all their local, and possibly political, differences — the representatives of the different 
political opinions of this country, and the representatives of the different foreign nations — 
to-day representing only one interest." 

When we bear in mind that to Prince Albert is due that influence which secured the 
inaction of Great Britain in our national conflict, we can more fully appreciate the wise 
and carefully thought out views of this far-seeing mind. 

The work connected with the construction of the Crystal Palace proceeded rapidly, 
and it is estimated that not fewer that ten thousand persons were engaged in one way or 
other in the service of the exhibition. 

The Crystal Palace Exhibition was opened on the 1st of May by the Queen in person, 
Prince Albert in an address explaining the objects and purposes of the undertaking. The 
Duke of Wellington, Lord Palmerston. and the Marquis of Anglesea were present. The 
ceremonial was one it may be said without precedent or rival " The homage paid by the 
sovereign of the widest empire in the world to the industry and genius of both hemi- 
spheres, will not fill a page in history as a mean and unsubstantial pageant. While the 
race of man exists, this solemn and magnificent occasion will not readily fade away from 
his memory like the baseless fabrics of a dream: it commences an era in which the sons 
of toil shall receive honor and reward ; and, in accordance with the spirit of the day. it 
stimulates the energies of men to conquer 'fresh domains" and discover new faculties of 
nature and her products, for the well-being and use of his fellow-creatures. Of itself as a 
passing display of state pomp and power, we cannot speak too highly: for even oriental 
gorgeousness fades in comparison with the glories of the unequaled temple which enshrines 
the exhibition of all nations at Hyde Park."" 

U must be borne in mind that with the Crystal Palace Exhibition everj thing had to be 
learned, and yet so admirable was its management that there is little change now to be 
made after nearly a half century of experience. 

There was really very little interest taken by this country in the Great Exhibition, 
the total number of visitors to England from the United States being only 5,048j and yet 
considering the small number of exhibits (499), we secured a larger proportion of awards 
than any other nation. The number of jurors was 318, of whom 1 he British claimed 161 
and the foreign nations 157 ; of this last class the United States had 24. Special attention 
was attracted 10 our coaches, wagons, buggies and trotting sulkies, which at thai time 
were almost unknown in Europe. Chiekering's and Mover's pianos were noticed, and due 
credit given to the cotton and woolen goods from Massachusetts and Rhode island. 
McCormick's reaper carried off the gold medal at this great exhibition. The sight of 
Powers 1 Greek Slave in marble was a surprise to the English critics. Joiners' tools, axes 
and shovels were mentioned by thejurjr as deserving medals. India rubber goods were 

63 




■\ 



PKINCE ALBERT, 1851. 



WORLD'S PAIR LONDON 1851. 



for the first time on exhibition, and the yacht America and Francis' life boat were objects 
of special interest. 

The United States as Exhibitors in 1851.— The total number of exhibitors was- 
13,937, of whom Great Britain contributed 6,861, the British Colonies 520, and the rest of 
the world 6,556. Persia furnished 12, China 30, Greece 36, and Denmark 30, a small show 
in comparison with their exhibits at all subsequent exhibitions. The estimated value of 
the contents was equal to $9,000,000, exclusive of the priceless value of the Koh-i-noor 
diamond. The United States was represented by a commissioner, Edward Riddle, Esq., of 
Boston; secretaries, Messrs. Dodge and Morey; clerks. Messrs. Brewster and Walker, 
and three assistants. 

Awards. — After giving the subject careful consideration, the committee decided to 
award a council medal ranking with a diploma of honor, the prize medal and a certificate 
of honorable mention distributed as follows : Council medals, 171; prize medals, 2,954; 
and honorable mentions, 2,123. In the United States there was given the highest award, 
council medal to Gail Borden, Jr., for meat biscuit ; D. Dick, engineers 1 tools and presses; 
C. H. McCormick, reaping machines; Wm. Bond & Son, invention of a new mode of 
observing astronomical phenomena ; C. Goodyear, rubber goods. The total number of 
awards to the United States, 5 council medals. 102 prize medals, and 53 honorable mentions. 
It was while attending this exhibition that several citizens of the United States 
decided to present the subject of an international exhibition in New York for public con- 
sideration. 

A most interesting feature connected with the exhibition of 1851 was the arrangements 
made for the admission of schools and the inmates of charitable institutions, 493 schools 
with 35,540 scholars availing themselves of this opportunity. Through the influence of 
the Duke of Wellington, leave of absence was secured for a large number of regiments, so- 
that both officers and privates could spend at least a day in the Crystal Palace. 

The police arrangements were very satisfactory, there being only twenty-three cases 
of arrest, twelve for picking pockets and eleven for theft. A few policemen were secured 
from other countries, and also a band of interpreters, at the expense of the commission. 
There were 1,454 omnibuses and 3,429 cabs available in London during the World's Fair 1851. 
A series of lectures and essays by eminent scientific men were published during the 
World's Fair, and they had a large circulation, doing much to improve the mind and taste 
of the public. 

The classification was based upon the most simple plan possible, all exhibits being 
divided into four great sections, raw material and produce, machinery, manufactures and 
fine arts. 

Upon its first inception the Queen took a warm personal interest in the success of the 
Crystal Palace. She not only opened it in person, but she made several visits with her 
family. Her portrait presented herewith is a faithful likeness, as well as that of Prince 
Albert, representing them both as they appeared in 1851. The World's Fair in London 
proved to be a financial success, there being in hand, after paying all expenses, not less 
than $750,000. It was at this exhibition that the wonderful diamond known as the Koh-i- 
noor was for the first time shown to the public. 

There can be no question but that the success of this great World's Fair is largely 
due to the support of Prince Albert, whose character is shown in these words, delivered 
at the award of prizes : 

"In now taking leave of all those who have so materially aided us in their respective 
characters of jurors and associates, foreign and local commissioners, members and secre- 
taries of local and sectional committees, members of the Society of Arts, and exhibitors, I 
cannot refrain from remarking, with heartfelt pleasure, the singular harmony which bus 
prevailed amongst the eminent men representing so many national interests — a harmony 
which cannot end with the event that produced it. Let us receive itas an auspicious omen 
of the future; and while we return our humble and hearty thanks to Almighty God for the 
blessings he has vouchsafed to our labors, let us all earnestly pray that Divine Providence, 
which has so benignantly watched over and shielded this illustration of Nature's produc- 
tions conceived by human intellect, and fashioned by human skill, may still protect us, 
and may grant that the interchange of knowledge, resulting from the meeting of enlight- 
ened people in friendly rivalry, maj !»• dispersed far and vide over distant lands: and 
thus by throwing our mutual dependence upon each other, be a happj means of promoting 
unity among nations, and peace and good will among the various race- of mankind." 

64 






QUEEN VICTORIA, 1851, 



DUBLIN WORLD'S FAIR. 1853— NEW YORK'. 1853. 



CHAPTER VIII. 
DUBLIN WORLD'S FAIR, 1853— NEW YORK. 18.-)3-PARIS. 1855. 

The next attempt at an international exhibition was made in Dublin, but it was in no 
sense of the word a success. It was undertaken at the cost of a private citizen, who ad- 
vanced $400,000 for expenses. The building- was 425 feet long, loOfeet wide, 105 feet high, 
and with its annexes cost $240,000. We give herewith a view of this building, which had 
little to distinguish it in an architectural point. 

It was opened by the lord-lieutenant of Ireland, as the representative of Her Majesty, 
on May 12th, 1853, and remained open until October 29th. Advantage was taken of the 
fact that there were no paintings on exhibition at the Crystal Palace in 1851, to secure a 
most remarkable collection for Dublin in 1853, valued at $1,000,000, and it was without 
question the finest collection ever brought together for public exhibition up to that time. 
While the World's Fair at Dublin was very largely attended, it was not a financial success. 
The number of visitors was estimated at 1,150,000, but there was not sufficient income to 
meet the expenses. 

NEW YORK WORLD'S FAIR, 1853. 

The New York World's Fair, like the one at Philadelphia in 187(1. was the outcome of 
local and individual enterprise. The treasury department made the building a bonded 
warehouse, and goods for exhibition were duty free. The lease of the ground corner 
Forty-second street and Sixth avenue was secured on January 1st, 1852, and the following 
March a state charter was granted, in spite of much local opposition on the ground 
that it was "hostile to American industry."' The charter of incorporation was entitled 
the "Association for the Exhibition of the Industries of all Nations," with a capital of 
8200,000. 

The city government required that the building erected should be composed of iron, 
glass and wood, and that the entrance fee should not exceed fifty cents. The board of 
directors was composed of some of the best citizens of New York, as follows : Mortimer 
Livingston, Alfred Bell, August Belmont, Alexander Hamilton, Jr., George Schuyler, 
Albert J. Anderson, Henry R. Dunham, W. C. Wardell, Jacob A. Westervelt, James A. 
Hamilton, Samuel Nicholson, Philip Burrows, Johnston Livingstone, Charles W. Porter, 
Theodore Sedgwick, William W. Stone, William Whetten, John Dunham. William Kent, 
Watts Sherman, J. W. Edmunds, Jef Roosvelt ; Theodore Sedgwick being elected presi- 
dent and William Whetten secretary. 

For the purpose of raising a fund for the necessary expenses, subscriptions to stock 
were solicited through the agency of the well-known banking house of Duncan, Sherman 
& Co. Proposals for architectural plans were published, and Sir Joseph Paxton, the 
architect of the London Crystal Palace, was one of the competing architects. The design 
selected, of which we give a plate herewith, was prepared by Messrs. Carstensen and 
Gildermeister. Work was only commenced the latter part of August, 1852, and on the 30th 
of October the governor of New York, with other dignitaries, witnessed the erection of 
the first column in the building, which was placed witli appropriate ceremonies. This 
building was two stories high, the first being in the form of an octagon and the second 
that of a Greek cross. In the center was a dome 148 feet high. The four corners were 
octagon shaped and each front had two towers seventy feet high, supporting tall fiagstaffs. 
The construction of iron girders, columns, etc., was on the same plan as that of the 
Crystal Palace in London, but the plan of the dome was original with the American 
architects. 

The main building covered 170,000 square feet, and the annex 93,000 square feet. This 
latter building was composed of two stories, and was 21 feet broad and 450feet long, lighted 
from above, the sides being closed. It was arranged for a gallery of paintings, and was 
•connected with the main building by two one-story wings used as refreshment rooms. The 

65 



WORLD'S FAIR PARIS 1855. 



general style of architecture was Moorish, the decoration being Byzantine and the ceilings 
painted in red, white, blue and cream color, producing a very pleasing effect. 

The New York World's Fair was formally opened on July 14th, 1853, but it was far from 
being ready. President Pierce, Jefferson Davis, then secretary of war : Salmon P. Chase, 
Gen. Winfield Scott, Caleb Cushing, attorney general ; Commodores Stewart and Boor- 
man, Horatio Seymour, governor of New York : George E. Post, governor of New Jersey ; 
Howell Cobb, governor of Georgia ; Archbishop Hughes, Bishop Wainwright. Judges 
Betts, Edmunds, Oakley, Roosevelt and others ; Lord and Lady Ellesmere and daughters, 
Col. Almonte, Mexican minister: M. de Sartiges, French minister; Senor de Osma. Peru- 
vian minister, and Mayor Westervelt were among the distinguished persons present on 
this occasion. The classification of articles adopted here was the same as at the London 
World's Fair in 1851, viz.: raw materials, machinery, manufactures and fine arts, a simple 
method of grouping very satisfactory to the public. 

There were 4,100 exhibitors, more than one-half of whom were foreigners. The 
financial results were : Cost of building and other expenses. $640.000 : total receipts, 
including admissions, concessions, sale of catalogues, etc., $340,000, leaving a loss of 
$300,000, which fell upon the stockholders. 

It may possibly be remembered that Horace Greeley, a director in the New York 
World's Fair, was arrested while in Paris, at the suit of a French exhibitor whose property 
had been damaged. One of the best letters ever written by Mr. Greeley was from his cell 
in Clichy prison. 

WORLD'S FAIR PARIS 1855. 

This exhibition possessed one feature of great interest, which has been made quite 
prominent ever since in connection with world's fairs. That was the department of fine 
arts. Louis Napoleon, emperor of the French, assisted by Prince Napoleon, president of 
the exhibition, did all in their power by awards of decorations and medals to place France 
in the front rank. 

The Palace of Industry, which formed the main building for the World's Fair, still 
remains on the main avenue of the Champs Elysees, where it is made use of for many pur- 
poses connected with exhibitions. It is rectangular in shape, solidly constructed, and 
intended to be permanent. In it were exhibited the twenty industrial classes principally. 

Another building, called an Annex, some 4,000 feet long, was devoted specially to 
machinery. The third building, or Palace of Fine Arts, was located at quite a distance 
from the others. Between the Palace of Industry and the Annex was a circular building 
known as the Rotunda, in which were displayed the crown jewels of France, valuable 
carpets, tapestries, etc. Outside and surrounding this Rotunda was a considerable space, 
partly covered and partly uncovered, in which carriages and vehicles of all kinds, as 
well as agricultural implements, were on exhibition. 

Although the preparation and erection of these buildings were set on foot and mainly 
carried out with the capital of a commercial company organized in Paris, yet it was the 
French government that really had the sole management of the exhibition, taking all risk 
in the enterprise, and guaranteeing to the company a certain percentage of profit on their 
outlay. The emperor accordingly appointed imperial commissioners, with Prince Napo- 
leon at their head, for the management of the exhibition. 

The total space occupied in these buildings by exhibitors, including passages, offices 
and all else used by the public, was about 1,866,000 square feet. A view of the principal 
entrance to this world's fair is niven herewith. 

EXHIBITORS. — The total number of exhibitors was 23,954, divided as follows : French 
empire, 11,086; foreign states, 11.963. This closeness of the two numbers must be recog- 
nized as very curious. The United siates was only represented by 144 exhibitors, thirteen 
of these being in the department of fine arts. Fifty-three foreign states and twenty-two 
foreign colonies were represented in this exhibition, without including France, the three 
provinces of Algeria, and eight French colonies. 

The classification of exhibits was arranged in eight groups and thirty-one classes. 
The total number of jurors was 398—208 being assigned to France and 190 to foreign 
countries. 

66 



WORLD'S FAIR PARIS 1855. 



Awards. — The system of awards was as follows : 

1. Gold medal — Grand medal of honor. 4. Bronze medal — Second class. 

2. Gold medal — Medal of honor. 5. Honorable mention. 

3. Silver medal — First class. 

There were 112 grand medals of honor, 252 medals of honor. 2. .'inn firsl class medals, 
3,900 second class medals. 4.0C0 honorable mention. Of the above a grand medal of honor 
was awarded to C. H. McCormick, of Chicago, United States. In fine arts there were forty 
artists personally decorated by the emperor, and in addition there were awarded 16 medals 
of honor, 67 first class medals, 87 second class medals, 77 third class medals, 222 honorable 
mentions. Messrs. Healy, Rossiter and May, American artists, were noticed favorably. Mr. 
Healy receiving a second class medal and Messrs. May and Rossiter honorable mention. 

The World's Fair Paris 1855 was kept open 200 days, Sundays included. Season tickets 
for the entire exhibition cost $20. The general admission on most days was one franc, or 
twenty cents, but on Friday, a reserved day, $1, and on Sundays eight cents only, ii being 
the only day when the working classes, laborers, etc., could take advantage of the wonder- 
ful opportunity for recreation and study. All soldiers, military pensioners and pupils 
from military schools were admitted free upon certain hours and days in each week. 

The total number of visitors was 5,162,330. Those holding season tickets entered 
97,800 times ; those who paid $1 or five francs, were in number 33.926 : the total number at 
twenty cents was 2,103,535; and those at eight cents, 2,196,795. 

On the day of the opening ceremony and when the queen of England visited the exhi- 
bition, only season tickets were allowed. The largest number on any one day was on 
Sunday, Sept. 9, 1855, when there were 123,017 persons. It is estimated that during the 
World's Fair Paris was visited by 160,000 foreigners and 350,000 French people. 

The total cost of this exhibition may be pat down in round numbers at $2,257.000 — or, 
adding the cost of the Palace of Industry, paid for by the French government, nearly 
$5,000,000. The total receipts reached the sum of 3.202,405 francs, or $644,100.' While the 
financial results of this World's Fair indicate a very serious loss, yet it is believed that in 
this instance, as in all other international exhibitions, that there was a very large financial 
advantage to the city of Paris. Allowing that the half million of visitors only averaged 
$20 each, certainly not an unreasonable estimate, we have at once the gross sum of $10.- 
000,000 as probably left in Paris in 1855. 

There was very considerable interest shown by Great Britain in the Paris World's 
Fair 1855. The British government appropriated $250,000 for the expenses of the national 
exhibit, and local committees were formed in all the principal cities and towns for the 
purpose of selecting the very best specimens of each class of manufactures. It was by this 
careful system of organization that the superiority of British manufactures was so often 
brought to the front. The result was, that the British section of the Paris World's Fair 
of 1855 was a more complete representation of the products and manufactures of the United 
Kingdom than the London World's Fair of 1851. 

Mr. Cole, the able manager of the British section, makes these remarks in his report 
at the close of the World's Fair Paris 1855: 

'"The utility of the London and Paris universal exhibitions in teaching nations the 
comparative strength and weakness of their respective industries, and showing their 
mutual means for supplying each other's wants; in dissipating Ihe prejudices of ignorance, 
and awakening desires for improvement, has been so manifest and generally admitted, 
that, notwithstanding the cost and trouble of them, and the great interruption they cause 
to ordinary trade, it is probable these exhibitions will extend and become periodical at 
least in some of the principal cities of Europe. The ultimate purpose of all industrial ex- 
hibitions is commercial- It is true that various motives, besides those of direct trade, 
induce some few exhibitors to display their productions, but the hulk of exhibitors will 
be always attracted by the hopes of extending commerce. It may be laid down as an 
axiom, that the chief and direct advantages of an exhibition are derived by the country 
which holds it. It cannot be doubted that England with its exhibition of 1851 and France 
with its exhibition of 1S55. respectively, derived a much greater proportionate benefit than 
any of their foreign contributors. London reaped a rich harvest from visitors to the 
metropolis, of whom at least 70.000 were foreigners." 

From the World's Fair Paris 1855 to the World's Fair London 1862 there were several 
local exhibitions of considerable importance, all being the result of the Impetus given in 
the start by Prince Albert. 

67 



WORLD'S FAIR MUNICH 1854— LONDON' 1862. 



In 1854. Australia held its first exhibition at Melbourne, in a palace of glass, erected 
on the site of the present mint. There were also interesting - local industrial celebrations 
at Brussels in 1856; Lausanne in 1857, with 2,050 exhibitors; Turin in 1858, and Hanover 
in 1859; but we should pay special attention to the unequaled Fine Arts Exhibition at 
Manchester in 1857. 

This may well be entitled a World's Fair of Art, for never before had such a mass of 
artistic wealth, both of old masters and the modern school, been congregated together: art, 
indeed, was everywhere prominent, even in the arrangement of the greal ball with its 
statues and groups of armour separated and arranged in little islands of greenery. Heir- 
looms were contributed from all parts of the kingdom: the Royal Academy senl its diploma 
pictures, and there was arranged for the first, time on public view the plan of a British 
portrait gallery, comprising the noted personages of Great Britain, commencing with Henry 
IV. and coming down to the present time, comprising the works of Holbein. Van Dyke, 
Zucchero, Sir Peter Lely, Sir Joshua Reynolds and Sir Thomas Lawrence. Not only 
artistically, but financially.it was a success, and Manchester may well be proud of the 
record of no less than 1,336.715 visitors, and receipts nearly $420,000. 

In 1859 Greece had her first exhibition at Athens, with 074 exhibitors. In 1861 there 
were national art exhibitions in Dublin, Edinburgh and Florence. 

WORLD'S FAIR MUNICH 1854. 

This exhibition was onty open three months, owing to the approach of cholera. The 
building, of which we give an illustration, was built of iron and glass, 800 feet long, 260 
feet wide, and 87 feet high, and cost $450,000. It recalls in many respects 1 he Crystal 
Palace of 1851, the main difference being the substitution of a square towered transept for 
the well-known circular roof. This building was designed by Herr Witt, and still remains 
as a permanent building. 

The number of exhibitors was estimated at over 7,000, and the value of exhibits 
$7,500,000. 



CHAPTER IX. 
WORLD'S FAIR LONDON 1862. 

It was fully intended and arranged to have a decennial exhibition in London 1861. ten 
years after the first world's fair, but the great national loss in the death of Prince Alberl 
occasioned its postponement to 1862. The main buildings of the World's Fair 1862 covered 
about seventeen acres of ground, exclusive of the two annexes on the east and west of the 
Horticultural Gardens, which may be estimated at seven acre:;, making the total area 
twenty -four acres. In shape, the ground was nearly rectangular, measuring about 1.200 
feet from east to west and 560 feet from north to south. There were three grand entrances, 
on three principal streets. The buildings were designed by Captain Fowke, royal engineer, 
assistant and engineer to the government department of science and art. 

The total area of covered space amounted to 1,291.800 square feet, of which 147,700 
square feet were taken up by refreshment rooms, offices, entrances and staircases, leaving 
1,144,100 square feet available for exhibition purposes. The total area roofed in was 
988.000 square feet. In dividing this space the royal commissioners adopted the rule of 
giving one-half the total space to foreign nations and retaining one- half for Great Britain. 

The total number of exhibitors at the World's Fair of London 1862 was 2S.653, includ- 
ing 2,305 artists, whose works were exhibited in the four classes of the fine arts department. 
As can easily be understood, the position of our country at that time was not such as could 
admit of much thought for exhibits, nevertheless with the small number sent in for 
competition, the United States received fifty-six medals and twenty-nine diplomas for 
articles on exhibition. 

The total cost of the buildings may be stated at $1,605,000, and the total cost of the 
World's Fair 1S62. including all expenses. $2,300,000. This exhibition was opened on May 
1, 1862, and closed November 15, there being 121 days during which the public were 

68 



OC 

en 



I 




WORLD'S FAIR PARIS 1867. 



admitted. The exhibition was opened by the Duke of Cambridge, 30.000 people being- 
present, with a choir of 2,000 voices and an orchestra of 400 musicians. A notable feature 
of the occasion was the Japanese embassy in full court costume. 

The arrangements for admittance were confined to season tickets and payments at the 
doors. On the day of opening, only ticket holders were admitted. On the next two days 
the charge for admission was £1 or $5 ; from May 5th to 17th inclusive, 5 shillings or $1.25; 
after that date the prices varied on certain days in the week 1 shilling or 25 cents, to 5 shillings 
or $1.25; but the result shows very clearly that a uniform moderate price cf admission 
produces the largest returns. The ordinary season tickets were fixed at 3 guineas or $15. 

The total receipts, including tickets, payment at doors, concessions for catalogue, 
refreshments, photographs, retiring rooms, umbrella stands, etc., amounted in round 
numbers to $1,298,150, the average returns on the shilling days being double that of the 
high-priced days. 

Visitors.— The total number of visitors amounted to nearly six millions and a quarter. 
The daily average attendance was 36,328, and the largest number on any one day was 
67,891. The average daily attendance was as follows : On Mondays, 44,307 ; Tuesdays, 
45,936; Wednesdays, 43,988 ; Thursdays, 44, S06; Fridays, 22,138; Saturdays, 19.594. 

The total number of jurors and associate jurors appointed by the exhibiting countries 
was 320, of whom there were 331 British and Colonial, and 239 foreign. The United States 
had five of this number. There were no gradations of medals at the World's Fair 1S62, 
one medal only being awarded by the jurors. Certificates of honorable mention were also 
awarded. There were in all 8,141 medals and 5,282 certificates. The total number of jury 
awards was 13,423, or nearly one award for every two exhibitors. The United States was 
represented by 128 exhibitors, and received fifty-eight medals and thirty-one honorable- 
mentions. 



CHAPTER X. 

WORLD'S FAIR PARIS 1S67. 

At no period in the history of France shall we find any greater record of splendor and 
display than was exhibited in Paris in 1867. Those Americans who were so fortunate as 
to have seen the court of France at that time have something to remember. The idea of 
a world's fair was worthy of an emperor who could bring to Paris as his guests the Czar of 
Russia, with his two sons, the Sultan of Turkey, the Prince of Wales, the Khedive of 
Egypt, the King of Prussia with Bismarck, the kings of Denmark, Portugal and Sweden 
— a gorgeous scene of entertainment from start to finish. 

As is well known, the location selected for the World's Fair Paris 1867 was in the 
Champs de Mars, convenient to all parts o f the city. The form of building was selected by 
Prince Napoleon, with the view of producing a new system of classification, the results of 
which have given cause for debate and argument up to the present time. As will be seen 
from view of building given herewith, it is of an oval shape, thus facilitating the arrange- 
ment of exhibits, both by classes and countries, so that one desiring only to study one 
product could follow that class steadily through evei*y producing nation until he arrived 
back at his starting point. On the other hand, should he desire information in reference 
to a single nation, he would simply confine himself to that section of the elliptic. 

This oval building was 1,550 feet long and 1,250 feet wide, covering in all eleven acres, 
while smaller buildings connected with this main building increased the area to thirty-live 
acres. In addition was annexed the island of Billancourt, comprising fifty-two acres, for 
agricultural purposes. In the construction of this building, upwards of 370,000 cubic meters 
of soil had to be removed to make room for foundations, drains, air passages and water 
pipes. The outer circle was excavated so as to give a succession of vaulted cellars built of 
stone and concrete and lined with cement. The two interior galleries of the exhibition 
were built of stone, and the seven others of iron. Tha roof was formed of corrugated iron 
and supported by 176 iron pillars, each weighing 24,000 pounds, upon which the arches or 
ribs were placed. The supply of water for this enormous structure and for the park, its 

en 



WORLD'S FAIR PARIS 1867. 



various buildings and fountains, was obtained from the river Seine, and was raised by 
powerful pumps to a reservoir with a capacity of 4,000 cubic yards of water. 

The balance of the territory comprising- the Champs de Mars, in all some seventy 
acres, was laid out in gardens and fountains, and covered with buildings erected by differ- 
ent nations, such as Turkish mosques, Russian slobodas, Swiss chalets, Tunisian kiosks, 
Swedish cottages, English light house, Egyptian temples, caravansaries, etc. 

This exhibition opened on April 1st and closed on November 3d, being open 216 daj -. 
Sundays included. There were 50,226 exhibitors and 10,200,000 entrances of visitors, and 
the receipts were about equal to $2,103,675. These exhibitors represented thirty different 
nations, Great Britain occupying 374,656 superficial feet, or about one-ninth of the entire 
space allotted to exhibitors. The United States was represented by 536 exhibitors, occu- 
pying 98,137 square feet. As in 1851 and 1862, it is satisfactory to state that the exhibitors 
from the United States secured the largest percentages of awards, excepting the awards 
to France itself. 

A new order of recompense was established " for persons, establishments or localities, 
which, by organization or special institutions, have developed harmony among co-opera- 
tors, and produced in an eminent degree the material, moral and intellectual well-being of 
the workmen.' 1 Of this order, two came to this country, 

1. For the United States Agricultural Society of Vineland, N. J., and in addition an 
honorable mention. 

2. William C. Chapin, Lawrence, Mass., and in addition a grand prize, a gold medal 
of the value of 1,000 francs and 900 francs in gold. 

Grand prizes were awarded to Cyrus W. Field, transatlantic cable ; David E. Hughes, 
New York, printing telegraph ; C. H. McCormick, Chicago, reaping machines. By a 
decree of the emperor, Mr. McCormick was created a Chevalier of the Imperial Order of 
the Legion of Honor. 

Hon. N. M. Beckwith, United States Commissioner General to the World's Fair Paris 
1867, in his preface to a general survey of the exposition, remarks as follows : 

" The high position conceded by the verdict of the jurors to American industrial prod- 
ucts is not due in general to graceful designs, fertile combinations of pleasing colors, ele- 
gant forms, elaborate finish, or any of the artistic qualities which cultivate the taste and 
refine the feelings by awakening in the mind a higher sense of beauty, but it is owing: to 
their skillful, direct and remarkable adaptation to the great wants they are intended to sup- 
ply, and to the original]. / and fertility of invention which converts the elements and natu- 
ral forces to the commonest uses, multiplying results and diminishing toil. The peculiar 
and valuable qualities of our products will be adapted and reproduced in all parts of Europe, 
improving the mechanical and industrial arts, and it is reasonable to expect and gratifying 
to believe that the benefits will be reciprocal, that our products will in time acquire those 
tasteful and pleasing qualities which command more admiration and find a quicker and 
better market than the purely useful.'' 

These remarks were uttered twenty years ago, and that is our position to-day. 

The British government, fully impressed with the value of this exposition as a school 
of instruction, made arrangements for the transportation and accommodation of a large 
number of workingmen. who were specially selected, and who at a later date made very 
full and interesting reports on all branches of industry. The estimated expenses for trip 
to Paris and return, with one week's living in Paris, was £3, or $15. 

In 1865 an international exhibition was held in Dublin, and, like the former one in 
1853, owed its existence to the liberality of a private citizen, Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness. 
The building, of iron and glass, was opened on May 9th by the Prince of Wales, in the 
presence of some 10,000 spectators, and was closed six months from that date, having been 
kept open 159 days and fifty-one evenings, the total number of admissions being nearly 
1,000,000. As in 1853, this exhibition was specially noted for its collection of magnificent 
works of art, of which many were secured by the British government. 



70 



WORLD'S FAIR VIENNA 1873. 



CHAPTER XL 

WORLD'S FAIR VIENNA 1S73. 

The first proposition to hold an international exhibition in Vienna. 1873, is said to have 
originated with the Board of Trade of that city, a very wealthy and influential organiza- 
tion, of which Baron Weitheimer was the president. A guarantee fund of 3.000. 000 florins 
($1,500,000) being raised principally through the Board of Trade, the government was 
induced to take an active part in the matter, and to announce May 24, 1870. that an inter- 
national exhibition would be held in Vienna in 1S73. having for its object to represent the 
present state of modern civilization and the entire sphere of national economy, and to pro- 
mote its further development and progress. An imperial commission was named, consist- 
ing of 170 members, selected from the chief officers of the departments of the government, 
and from the leading men of science, art and industry in the empire, especially those who 
had taken part in former international exhibitions, and who had gained honor and distinc- 
tion in their respective spheres of duty. The government advanced the sum of 6,000,000 
florins ($3,000,000) as a loan without interest, to be returned out of the income. 

The importance attached to this, the first international exhibition in Austria and fifth 
in the world by the principal nations, is well shown by the character of the commissioners 
appointed. In each of the European nations the most gifted and eminent men were 
selected to do honor to the occasion. At no previous exhibition had there been such an 
array of names of men distinguished as statesmen, philosophers or leaders in the industrial 
world. The Prince of Wales was at the head of the British commission, which comprised 
among its members Sir Andrew Buchanan, the Duke of Teck, the Marquis of Ripon, 
Baron Rothschild and others. 

The place selected for the Vienna World's Fair was the Prater, a park, and the most 
popular place of resort in the city. Advantage was taken of this opportunity to dredge the 
River Danube and use the gravel thus obtained for the exhibition site. The total area of 
the ground enclosed by the fence was nearly 290 acres. 

The main building consisted of a central nave 2,953 feet long, 83 feet 8 inches wide. 
and 73 feet 10 inches high, with sixteen intercepting transepts each 573 feet 6 inches 
long, 57 feet wide and 41 feet high, and a rotunda or dome in the center, 354 feet in 
diameter, being the largest in the world at that time. The nave where it met the rotunda, 
divided and formed a circular aisle about it; the great central transept intersecting the 
middle of this aisle was of the same height and width as the nave. The two transepls 
upon each end of the main building were connected by facades, thus forming inclosed 
courts or gardens. The plan adopted for the main building was entitled the ''grid-iron 
form," as will be seen in the plate submitted herewith. This arrangement was adopted 
partly on account of light and partly to facilitate the examination of exhibits, as visitors 
could easily find their way from one country to another, these countries being placed as 
nearly as possible to correspond with the positions occupied upon a mercatorial projection 
of the world. 

The Machinery Hall was 2.625 feet long and 164 feet wide. Within this great building, 
which had a floor space of 40,000 square meters, or nearly ten acres, were collected many 
thousands of exhibits, embracing every known variety of machinery, the Vienna World's 
Fair 1873 having brought together the most completely satisfactory exhibition of indus- 
1 rial processes, apparatus and products that had been attempted up to that date. The Machin- 
ery Hall was traversed from end to end by two aisles, dividing the machinery in motion, 
which was distributed along the middle line of the building from that which did not 
require motive power, and which was arranged on each side. The visitor walking through 
t hi-, found on either side for a distance of half a mile, an unbroken mass of machinery of 
every class, of all degreesof magnitude, and of every conceivable variety of style, material, 
workmanship and finish. It was estimated that to thoroughly examine the Department of 
Machinery alone would require more than forty days" work of ten hours each. 

71 



. , ,x: \ %i -.- ■>„-■ ~ — JJ — ~' 




WORLD'S FAIR VIENNA 1873. 



The Art Building- was east of the main building, 100 feet wide by 600 feet long, with a 
large corridor at the center of sides and ends for the exhibition of statuary. The building 
was of brick with stucco finish outside. The inside was divided into suitable galleries and 
studios, and was well lighted from the roof. In addition to the Art Building proper, there 
were open wooden pavilions connecting either end of Art Hall, extending 400 feet, with 
circular return of 700 feet in length to the Triumphal Arch, which completed the eastern 
end of the series of principal buildings. 

The Department of Agriculture was confined to three large frame buildings, covering 
about six acres. Total area of Vienna World's Fair, 286 acres. 

The total cost of all the official buildings of the Vienna World's Fair 1873 was esti- 
mated by Prof. Blake at $7,850,000. 

One of the most attractive features of this exhibition were the various buildings 
erected by other nations in their different styles of architecture, comprising Persian, 
Turkish, Egyptian, Japanese, Roumanian, Syrian, Swiss, Russian, Kirgish, Sclav, Moor- 
ish, French, German, American, Bohemian, Italian, Polish and English, all scattered 
among woodland scenery and of a wonderful variety in character. 

The exhibits were classified into twenty-six groups, following nearly the plan of the 
divisions in the great exhibitions of London and Paris. The industries of nearly all the 
world were represented. The total number of exhibitors was estimated at 70,000. Of this 
number the United States was represented by only 604, according to the official catalogue. 

The awards were as follows : 
I. Diplomas of Honor. V. Medals for Good Taste. 

II. Medals for Progress. VI. Fine Arts Medal. 

III. Honorable Mention. VII. Medals Awarded to Workmen. 

IV. Medals of Merit. 

The 654 exhibitors from the United States secured of these awards four hundred and 
forty-two, showing the average of former exhibits well kept up. 

Prof. R. H. Thurston, the able and efficient editor of the United States Reports on 
the Vienna Exhibition, in his preface remarks as follows : 

" It is a subject of congratulation, and will be a source of real pleasure to every citizen 
of the United States, that foreign criticisms are so generally favorable. They are even, 
in fact, more favorable than they at first glance might appear. In reading them it is to be 
remembered that the foreign writers, born and bred in distant countries, under influences 
with which the citizen of the United States is unfamiliar, and from which he is fortunately 
free, accustomed to habits of thought, and familiar with methods which are equally 
strange to those whose works he criticises, viewing the subject of his criticism from an 
entirely different standpoint, and through a medium of very different hue, must necessa- 
rily be placed at some disadvantage. He cannot be expected to see the real value of 
American methods or of American productions taken apart from the peculiar circum- 
stances which brought them into existence. * * * It is to be remarked that the views 
of European reporters are generally favorable in tone. It seems evident that there exists 
among the influential classes of Europe, as well as among those less favored, a feeling of 
decidedly friendly prejudice which even the radical differences of circumstances and train- 
ing alluded to above has not seriously repressed." 

VISITORS. — In reference to visitors, note should be taken of the report of Mr. Charles 
Hagen, Inspector Metropolitan Police, London, who remained in charge of the British 
Depai'tment of the World's Fair Vienna 1873. Mr. Hagen states : 

"The number of visitors who paid at the doors, exclusive ot season-ticket holders, 
amounted, according to official returns, to 3,492,622, from which the sum of 1,983,439 florins 
was received in payment. The above numbers, averaging only 18,779 visitors for each of 
the 186 days of the exhibition, are certainly below what might have reasonably been 
expected. This was due, no doubt, to causes some of which are beyond the zone of my 
observation, but the fact is patent to everyone that many causes were at work to seriously 
affect the number of visitors. I would point out chiefly the reckless rapacity with winch, 
from the 1st of May, lodging houses and hotel keepers advanced their prices at least 100 per 
cent., a proceeding which, when exposed by the foreign press, not only deterred intending 
visitors from far-off countries, but. what was far more sei-ious. prevented great numbers 
from the middle classes in Germany and Austria from undertaking the journey to which 
thousands had looked forward with pleasure. This is ever to be regretted, as the social 
success as well as the financial interests of the exhibition were thereby seriously damaged. 
The above cause for a diminished attendance lies at the door of Vienna and its inhabitants; 
but there was another cause attributable to the same motives. This was the system of 



72 



WORLD'S FAIR PHILADELPHIA 1876. 



handing over the lavatories, chairs and other conveniences for visitors to contractors, who, 
having to pay enormous sums for these concessions, naturally enough left no means untried 
to obtain as large a return as possible for their outlay: hence, in the course of a visit of a 
family to the exhibition, the charges on this account during the day would sometimes 
amount to a total which would have to be taken into serious consideration before a second 
visit." 

Edward Everett Hale, one of the best practical thinkers of this country, thus gives 
his views in reference to the Vienna World's Fair : 

"It is, however, clear, that the great interest of such an exhibition is in the oppor- 
tunity to compare the work of one country against that of another. Every effort should be 
made, therefore, on the one hand to facilitate the arrival of foreign contributions, and on 
the other hand to restrict fairly mere multiplications of specimens by home exhibitors. 
To facilitate and encourage foreign exhibitors, the exhibiting nation can do much, and the 
foreign nations also. Our own government sent articles for the exhibition freight free to 
Trieste. So far all was made easy to contributors. The very freedom and ease of sending 
to Vienna tempted countless quacks to send their humbugs to the show, and in the same 
proportions the judicious have refrained. It becomes to a considerable extent an adver- 
tising display. The American exhibition at Vienna is full of quackeries, advertising them- 
selves at the cost of the nation, and this cannot be avoided unless the collection of exhibits 
is made up on a system, as was so thoroughly done by the Japanese government. It is for 
such reasons that the Vienna exhibition is certainly too large. If it is a specimen of the 
world, one wants a smaller museum made which may be a specimen of the exhibition. The 
study of those who arrange any future international exhibition must be, not to make it 
large, for that will probably care for itself, but to keep it properly small. It must be so 
indexed and catalogued and so arranged that the visitor can know what there is in it and 
how to turn to every object in the shortest time. This is not possible at Vienna, because 
the exhibition is too large. * * *" 

Dr. Hale continues with the following suggestions bearing upon the Centennial Exhi- 
bition. He is writing in 1S73 : 

" It seems to be required that at the very outset it shall be determined how much space 
in the exposition shall be given to the products of America. The experience of ox her 
countries seems to show that if one-half of the building is devoted to our own products, the 
other half can be well filled with foreign products, and that the comparison then to be 
made of their work and ours will be as instructive as interesting. If some such rule is 
made at the beginning and held to, it will be possible to exclude work which after all will 
come under the category of patch-work bed quilts at a cattle show. It will be evident that 
there is an absolute limit, which cannot be jjassed over under any stress of fear or favor. 
More than this, it ought to be in the power of the directors to say how much of this space 
could be well devoted to the principal lines of product of the country. How much, for 
instance, to machinery, how much to other manufactures of iron, how much to leather 
manufactures, how much to textile fabrics, and so on. The first determination of this sub- 
ject need not be so unyielding as the other, but still there must be a plan regarding it, 
and the public must from the beginning encourage the directors in holding sternly to 
their one plan in regard to it." 

The actual experiments in agriculture took place at a long distance from the exhibi- 
tion buildings. Three hundred and five acres were appropriated for the trials of the 
reapers and mowers, 200 were reserved for steam plowing, and 110 acres for the trials of 
the ordinary plows. For testing mowing machines, there were available 80 acres of rye, 
40 acres of w r heat, 50 acres of barley, 12 acres of grass, and 90 acres of clover. For thresh- 
ing and winnowing machines there were provided 64,000 sheaves of rye, 32,000 sheaves of 
wheat, and the same quantity of barley. 



CHAPTER XII. 
WORLD'S FAIR PHILADELPHIA 1S76. 

The approach of the Centennial Anniversary of our independence as a nation, naturally 
suggested to many minds some proper method of celebration. Historians, authors, stales- 
men each had their ideas upon this important subject. It was suggested that orations and 
poems should be delivered in every city, town, village and hamlet in the United States ; 
others proposed that there should be a great display of our military power, including the 
United States troops and the State Militia all over the country ; again it was suggested 

73 



o 




WORLD'S FAIR PHILADELPHIA 1876. 



that the day should be devoted to athletic games, regattas, ball games, horse racing, etc., 
etc. , closing with a grand display of pyrotechnics. Some counsellors advised that each 
State should have, at some central point, an exhibition of its own products and manufact- 
ures. It is a satisfaction to the compiler of this work that eleven years prior to the 
World's Fair in Philadelphia, he proposed the organization of an International Exhibition, 
with a view of comparing our own national progress in arts, manufactures and products, 
with the advance of other nations in these same lines. This suggestion appeared in print 
in 1S66, and was at once combatted by some of the leading minds of our country ; such 
men as Charles Sumner, John Jay and John Bigelow, strange as it may seem, agreed 
unanimously in the belief that the monarchical governments of Europe would not consent 
to take any part in an exhibition which was to be the celebration of our own rebellion 
from the authority of Great Britain. In an interview with the writer, Charles Sumner 
made the statement that there was no more likelihood of Great Britain sending an exhibit 
at that time than there would be of the writer flying out of the window. Unfortunately, 
Mr. Sumner's death prevented his witnessing the action on the part of Great Britain, 
which insured the largest and most attractive section of the foreign department of the 
Centennial. Notwithstanding the influence and power of many of these prominent men, 
and the steady objection on the part of a large section of the press of the country, it was at 
last decided that the best method of celebrating the One Hundredth Anniversary of our 
Independence should be the following out of the suggestion of the writer, to have an 
International exhibition of products, arts and manufactures of this country. 

Naturally thei'e was a claim on the part of many cities for the location of this great 
enterprise. Boston relied upon its Puritan ancestry and the battles of Lexington and 
Bunker Hill, and felt that she was entitled to the honor of the celebration. New York 
with its great power, its central position and its able statesmen, claimed for itself this 
privilege, but Philadelphia, the birth-place of Independence, where those men who in the 
days of trial and trouble prepared that grand document which is to-day our charter and 
the keystone of our prosperity, had but to set forth her claims, when public acclamation 
from all sections of the United States agreed that the Quaker city was the only place that 
justly could be selected for the proper commemoration of the great work which originated 
within its lines. 

In 1871 Congress passed 

An Act to provide for celebrating the One Hundredth Anniversary of American Inde- 
pendence, by holding an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products 
of the Soil and Mine, in the City of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, in the 
year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. 

For the preliminary working expenses, the City of Philadelphia donated the sum of 
$50,000. Officers were selected and experienced aid secured, one of the first steps being 
to facilitate the distribution of proper information to the press of the United States. On 
the 3d of July, 1873, the President issued the following proclamation : 

PROCLAMATION BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Whereas by the Act of Congress approved March third, eighteen hundred and 
seventy-one, providing for a National Celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the 
Independence of the United States, by the holding of an International Exhibition of Arts, 
Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and Mine, in the City of Philadelphia, in the year 
eighteen hundred and seventy-six, it is provided as follows: 

''That whenever the President shall be informed by the Governor of the State of 
Pennsylvania, that provision has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the 
purpose, and for the exclusive control by the Commission herein provided for of the pro- 
posed Exhibition, the President shall, through the Department of Stale make proclama- 
tion of the same, setting forth the time at which the Exhibition will open, and the place 
at which it will beheld; and he shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of 
all nations copies of the same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the 
commissioners, for publication in their respective countries." 

And whereas, His Excellency the Governor of said State of Pennsylvania did, on the 
twenty-fourth day of June, eighteen hundred and seventy-three, inform me that provision 
has been made for the erection of said buildings and for the exclusive control by the Com- 
mission provided for in the said act of the proposed Exhibition : 

And whereas, the President of the United States Centennial Commission has officially 

74 



WORLD'S FAIR PHILADELPHIA 1876. 



informed me of the dates fixed for the opening- and closing- of the said Exhibition, and tha 
place at which it is to be held ; 

Now, therefore, be it known that I, Ulysses S. Grant. President of the United States, 
in conformity with the provisions of the act of Congress aforesaid, do hereby declare 
and proclaim that there will be held, in the City of Philadelphia, in the State of 'Pennsyl- 
vania, an International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and 
Mine, to be opened on the nineteenth day of April, Anno Domini, eighteen hundred and 
seventy-six, and to be closed on the nineteenth day of October, in the same year. 

And in the interest of peace, civilization and domestic and international friendship 
and intercourse, I commend the celebration and Exhibition to the people of the United 
States; and in behalf of this Government and people, I cordially commend them to all 
nations who may be pleased to take part therein. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United 
States to be affixed. 

Done at the City of Washington, this third day of July, one thousand eight 
hundred and seventy three, and the Independence of the United States the 
[Seal] ninety-seventh. 

U. S. Grant. 
By the President: 

Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State. 

By instructions from the President, the Secretary of State issued the following- notice 
to foreign governments: 

NOTE TO FOREIGN MINISTERS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Sir: I have the honor to inclose, for the information of the Government of 



copy of the President's Proclamation, announcing the time and place of holding an Inter- 
national Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine, proposed to 
be held in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. 

The Exhibition is designed to commemorate the Declaration of the Independence of 
the United States, on the one hundredth anniversary of that interesting and historic 
national event, and at the same time to present a fitting opportunity for such display of the 
results of Art and Industry of all nations as will serve to illustrate the great advances 
attained, and the successes achieved, in the interest of Progress and Civilization during 
the century which will have then closed. 

In the law providing for the holding of the Exhibition, Congress directed that copies 
of the Proclamation of the President, setting forth the time of its opening and the place 
at which it was to be held, together with such regulations as might be adopted by the 
Commissioners of the Exhibition, should be communicated to the Diplomatic Representa- 
tives of all nations. Copies of these regulations are herewith transmitted. 

The President indulges the hope that the Government of will be pleased to notia 

the subject and man deem it proper to bring the Exhibition and its objects to the attention of tht 
people of that country, and thus encourage tlieir co-operation in the proposed celebration. And 
he further hopes that tlie opportunity afforded by the Exhibition for the intercliangt of national 
sentiment and friendly intercourse between the people of both nations may result in new and still 
greater advantages to Science and Industry, and at the same time serve to strengthen the 
bonds of peace and friendship which already happily subsist between the Government and 
people of and those of the United States. 

I have the honor to be, sir, with the highest consideration. 
Your obedient servant, 

Hamilton Fish, 

Secretary of StaU . 

To the surprise of those writers who had contended that there would be no exhibits 
from abroad, there was shown a universal desire on the part of all nations to co-operate 
liberally in the World's Fair of 1S76. These different governments appropriated large 
sums of money, selected as commissioners men of the highest standing, loaned to the exhi- 
bition their most valuable works of art, and in every sense indicated a desire on the part 
of the Old World to forget the past and to unite itself closely with the future of the New. 
The money had to be raised by private subscription, from all parts of the United States, 
and it was by a determined and persistent effort with Congress that a government loan 
was secured of $1,500,000, which loan has been called up by the government and repaid 
since that time. The City of Philadelphia appropriated $1,000,000, and the State of 
Pennsylvania $1,500,000, and all other States, notably New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut, 
New Hampshire, etc., subscribed to the stock issued by the Centennial Board of Finance. 

Site and BUILDINGS. — In 1873, the location so well known as Fairmount Park waa 
selected for the exposition, and immediate possession given by the City of Philadelphia, 



WORLD'S FAIR PHILADELPHIA 1876. 



Peru. 


Sweden. 


Portugal. 


Switzerland. 


Russia. 


Tunis. 


Siam. 


Turkey. 


Siberia. 


United States, 


Spain. 


Venezuela. 



free from all expense or charge, and who also liberally contributed to the success of the 
World's Fair 1876 by the erection of two magnificent bridges over the Schuylkill at a cost 
of over $2,500,000, in addition to the various improvements made in Fairmount Park. 
This location, about three miles from the city, comprised 450 acres, of which 285 acres 
were surrounded by a fence, and included the various buildings designed for exhibition 
purposes. These buildings were as follows: Main building, covering an area of S70,464 
square feet; Machinery Hall, covering an area of 504,720 square feet; Art Building, 
covering 76,650 square feet floor space and 88,869 square feet wall space; Horticultural 
Hall, 350 feet long, 160 feet broad and 65 feet in height; Agricultural Building, covering 
117,760 square feet; Women's Department Building, 208 feet long and 208 feet broad. 

The United States government added to the interest of this exhibition by the appoint- 
ment of a special commission and the appropriation of a sum of money, $728,500, to repre- 
sent the condition of the different departments of the government at that period. 

The total number of exhibitors at the World's Fair 1876 was estimated at 30,864, the 
United States heading the list with 8.175; Spain and her colonies, 3,822; Great Britain and 
colonies, 3,584; and Portugal, 2,462. It is a curious fact to notice that Spain and Portugal, 
the two nations so closely connected with the early history of our country, should have 
been such prominent exhibitors. 

The following countries were represented in the World's Fair 1876 : 
Argentine Rep'c. Denmark. Italy. 

Austria. Egypt. Japan. 

Belgium. France. Mexico. 

Brazil. Germany. Morocco. 

Canada. Great Britain and Netherlands. 

China. Colonies. Norway. 

Chili. Hawaii. Orange Free State." 

Awards. — The method of awards adopted in 1876 differed from that of all previous 
systems. It dispensed with the international jury and substituted a body of judges one- 
half foreign, selected individually for their knowledge and experience. It also dispensed 
with the system of graduated awards, and required of the judges written reports on the 
inherent and comparative merits of each product thought worthy of an award, setting 
forth the properties and qualities, presenting the consideration forming the ground of the 
award, and awarding such report by the signature of their authors. The medals awarded 
by the commission were of bronze in shape, four inches in diameter, very chaste in 
appearance, and the largest of the kind ever struck in the United States. These awards 
of medals were simply as evidence merely of merit and not superiority, the written reports 
indicating whose exhibit in each group was preferred by the judges. The total number of 
awards issued at the World's Fair Philadelphia 1876 was 13,104, of which 5,364 were to 
American exhibitors, and 7,740 to foreign exhibitors. Gen. Walker in his final remarks 
states that "in spite of objections the American system of awards is, I think, fully 
acknowledged to be a success by all who have seen enough of its workings to be able to 
judge of the results, and I think it will be approved of both at home and abroad. The 
central idea is to give information to the would-be purchasers and to the general public 
through a series of discriminating and descriptive reports, instead of making use of tokens 
like graded medals which convey practically no information.'' 

As is well known to those who were present, the arrangements for admission to the 
Centennial were perhaps better than those of any previous World's Fair. There were 
within the fence line 285 acres of space, surrounded by a fence 16,000 feet in length. In 
this fence line there were 106 entrance gates for persons, 17 for wagons and 41 exit gates, 
so placed as to serve the convenience of those using them. The 106 gates for admitting 
persons were divided into classes to correspond with the classes of tickets used, as follows: 

Class A — for those persons paying 50 cents. 

Class B — for those holding complimentai'y tickets. 

Class C — for exhibitors, workmen and attendants. 
Thus there were only two classes of tickets used, the complimentary, a large engraved 
card ; and the exhibitors, containing photograph of the holder. 

The exhibition opened on the 10th of May, 1876, and from that time until Nov. 10. 1876, 



76 




)ji>»»» 









WORLD'S FAIR PA ills l.sT.S. 



there were admitted a grand total of 9.910,966 persons, of whom 8.004.274 paid admission 
fees. There were 1,815.617 entrances of persons connected with the World's Fair, and 
91,075 complimentary admissions, making a daily average of paid and free of 62.333. The 
largest number admitted on any one day was 274.919, on Pennsylvania day, September 
28th. The smallest number on May 12th, 1876. 12,720. The largest number passing 
through a single gate, in a single hour, was 1S7(>, or about thirty persons per minute. 
Experienced showed the necessity of opening at an early hour and it was fixed at 8:30 a. 
m., and kept open until 7:30 p. m. There was an average population residing in the 
grounds of 571 persons, exclusive of the guards and firemen. 

It is estimated that nearly one hundred separate and distinct associations, including 
Religious, Temperance, Military, Masonic, etc., met in Philadelphia in the summer of 
1876, with a membership of nearly one million. The selection of a special day for each 
state was a great success, and largely increased the number of visitors. 

Transportation. — The railroad facilities in Philadelphia were confined to the Penn- 
sylvania Central and the Reading roads, and had a capacity for receiving 25,000 or dis- 
patching 10,000 per day. The heaviest one day's service of both roads was 244,147. Total 
number of arrivals and departures by railroad during the World's Fair, 5,907,333. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

WORLD'S FAIRS— PARIS 1878, SYDNEY 1879, MELBOURNE 1880. 

The " Exhibition of the Works of Art and Industry of all Nations,'" held at Paris, was 
opened on the 1st of May, 1878, and it is important as being the first World's Fair in the 
Old World, under the auspices of a Republican form of government, While there was not 
the same show and glitter as in 1867, under the Empire, the practical results of this exhi- 
bition may be considered thoroughly successful. 

After careful consideration of the many locations suggested for the site of the World's 
Fair Paris 1878, the Champ de Mars was selected, as it was in 1867, although much more 
space could have been secured at Courbvoie, Vincennes or the Bois de Boulogne, the main 
point was to have the site near the public, and it was considered, after the united testimony 
of the foreign commissioners in 1867, that any increase in size was to be avoided. With 
the view of securing the best talent for the plans of buildings, a competition was opened 
among architects and ninety-four plans were submitted. While none of these plans were 
adopted, yet the general use of such of them as seemed best, resulted in the erection of 
buildings on the Champ de Mars. The total area of ground covered on both sides of the 
Seine was less than one hundred acres, the main building alone covering fifty-four acres. 
The French exhibits filled one-half of the entire space, the remaining portion of the main 
building being occupied by other nations of the world. 

The United States was well represented in its official commission. Hon. Richard C. 
McCormick, Commissioner-General, had gained his experience as an active member of the 
United States Centennial Commission, and Messrs. Pettit, Smith and Pickering were able 
and experienced assistants. Prof. Wm. P. Blake was secretary of the scientific commis- 
sion. 

Much doubt was expressed as to the interest taken in this work of a republic by Great 
Britain, but as usual the good sense of the Anglo-Saxon race came to the front, with the 
natural result of largely increased channels of trade. The Prince of Wales was appointed 
President of the British Commission, and Mr. Philip Cunliffe Owen, Secretary. 

Visitors. — The World's Fair Paris was opened on the 1st of May. 1N7S, and closed on 
the 10th of October. The total number of admissions was 16,032.725; the exhibition 
having been open for one-hundred and ninety-four days; this gives an average of nearly 
82,650 per day. On the 10th of June (Whit Mondavi, the number of entries was 200,613, of 
which 182,240 were on payment ; this was the largest number on any one day. and some 
30,000 more than on the largest day in 1867, thus showing a steady advance in interest. 



*mmffli 




Ketcham , Rothschild & Co 



WHOLESALE 
MANUFACTURERS OF 



UPHOLSTERED 

PARLOR LIBRARY 

FURNITURE 



430-434 WABASH AVENUE 



CHICAGO. 



m=vr$ 



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pLORIST 



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WORLD'S PAIRS — SYDNEY 1879, MELBOURNE 1880. 

The total receipts from visitors in 1878 were 12,653,746 francs, equal in round numbers to 
$2,531,650, showing quite an increase over 1867. 

The total appropriation made by congress for the United States department of the 
World's Fair Paris 1878 was but $190,000, while Great Britain with half the probable 
expenses, appropriated the equivalent in pounds sterling to $335,000. However, under the 
conservative management of Governor McCormick, coinniissioner-general, the appropria- 
tion sufficed, and for the first time in any foreign World's Pair the United States had a 
home of its own, a building which in no way compared to the homes of other nationalities, 
but answered its purpose, and an illustration is presented herewith. Commissioner-Gen- 
eral McCormick in his very able and interesting report, addressed to the Secretary of 
State, closes as follows : 

" You will hope, with me, I am sure, that hereafter, with due regard to international 
courtesy, and to our own prestige, when all the powers of the world are to take part in our 
exposition, our government may act neither reluctantly nor parsimoniously, but with 
ready cordiality, and in a manner to give a just idea of our actual progress in science, art, 
education and industry. " 

The display of fine arts and machinery was upon a very large and comprehensive scale, 
and the avenue of nations, a street 2,400 feet in length, was occupied by specimens of the 
domestic architecture of every country in Europe and several in Asia, Africa and America. 
The palace of the Trocadero, on the northern bank of the Seine, was a magnificent 
structure, with towers 250 feet in height, flanked by two galleries. The rules suggested 
by the writer and adopted at Philadelphia requiring two copies of a photograph of every 
person entitled to a free admission, was enforced in Paris and found to work successfully. 
The total number of persons who visited Paris during the six months this World's Pair 
remained open was 571,792, being 308,000 more than came to Paris the preceding year, and 
the profit to the City of Paris was estimated at $15,000,000, so that the indirect advantages 
more than covered the whole cost of the exhibition. 

WORLD'S PAIR, SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES, 1879. 

The Sydney International Exhibition of 1879 was opened on the 17th day of September 
of that year. It was kept open until April 20, 1880, and during that period it was visited 
by 1,117,536 persons as per official report, of whom 267, 056 entered free, and 850,480 paid for 
admission, the amount realized being £40,432, or in round numbers $202,180. The total 
amount of space covered by the exhibition buildings including the restaurants was 650^000 
square feet, or rather more than fifteen acres. There were 9,345 exhibitors. The number 
of awards was 6,756, in addition to 798 prizes given to exhibitors at the special shows. The 
net cost of the Exhibition, after deducting all returns, entrances, concessions, etc., was in 
round numbers $1,321,000, but as usual this was more than repaid in the large sums of 
money expended in Sydney. 

The United States received seventeen complimentary awards and medals, also six 
special medals to exhibitors, and in all 292 awards. As the exhibits from the United 
States were only 310, it is evident that all but eighteen of our exhibitors received awards due 
equally to the merits of the exhibits and the courtesy of the judges. Very special attention 
was given at Sydney to the agricultural live stock display, the exhibitors in these classes 
being 2,046, or nearly one-fourth of the whole exhibit. 

WORLD'S PAIR, MELBOURNE, VICTORIA, 1880. 

The site for this exhibition was the Alton Gardens, a public park comprising an area 
of about 63 acres, over the whole of which the Commissioners were to have exclusive con- 
trol. The plans and specifications for the exhibition buildings were prepared and duly 
submitted to Parliament on the 12th of November, 1878^ together with an estimate of the 
-cost. According to the architects' estimate the cost of erecting the main building with 
one machinery annex was to be in round numbers $337,000, a further sum of $25,000 being 
added for cellarage deemed necessary by the Commissioners, and the whole contract was 
given out for $357,000. The buildings as finally completed consisted of the permanent 
nave 500 feet long and 160 feet wide, with galleries and large cellars: two permanent 
annexes 460 feet long and 138 feet wide ; one main temporary hall 820 feet long 

78 



WORLD'S PAIR PARIS 



and 4!)o feet wide, a temporary annex for British machinery containing about 21,000 
square Ceet; German and Austrian annexes containing about 20,000 feet of spare. The 
total cost of all the buildings was £246.365 3s. 6d., or in our money roughly $1,201.' 
Energetic measures were taken by the experienced Secretary, Mr. George C. Levey. C. M. 
G., to secure publicity throughout the wholeof the civilized world and before the notice of 
all nations, through the medium of her Majesty's Ministers and Consuls, and the Secretary 
himself spent one year in traveling all over North America and Europe, to the gnat 
advantage of the Exhibition. 

Visitors. — Although the exhibition was closed at night and no extraneous attractions 
offered, the total attendance was 1,330,279. 

Of above in l'ound numbers 1,000,000 paid for admission, which is considerably more 
than the whole population of the Colony. These numbers will compare very favorably 
with the result of any previous World's Fair held either in Europe or America, at nom ol 
which was there an attendance so large in proportion to the population. Patent machines 
were used for registering the admissions, which worked very well. The public school 
children were admitted free on certain selected days. It will be borne in mind the United 
States had 366 exhibitors; their exhibits were awarded 773 prizes. 

The medals were awarded to those in each class who seemed specially deserving. 

The total number of awards was 9,671, and of medals 3,008. The large increase in our 
trade with Australia, due first to the World's Fair Philadelphia, has been still further 
added to by the results of the Melbourne Exhibition, so that to-day our exports of manu- 
factured goods to Australia are larger than ever before. 



CHAPTER XIV. 
WORLD'S FAIR PARIS 1889. 

With the usual sagacity of the French Nation, ample time was secured in which to 
carry through the most successful International Exhibition that has as yet taken place. 
In June, 1883, the matter was first taken into consideration by some members of the Corps 
Legislatif. Public discussion in the press and elsewhere followed, with the result thai it 
was considered best to hold a universal exhibition in Paris in 1889, the centenary of the 
French Revolution, 1779. On November 8, 1887, M. Jules Grevy, President of the Repub- 
lic, signed, upon the recommendation of M. Rouvier, Minister of Commerce, a decree that 
a universal exhibition should be opened in Paris on May 5, 1889, and should be closed on 
October 31, the same year. For the purpose of successfully carrying through this great 
enterprise, the government pronounced in favor of a system of organization by the state in 
alliance with a guarantee society, which had been found to work well in 1S67. This society 
guaranteed the state 18,000,000 francs, or $3,600,000, and gave certain pledges in the event 
of the expenses exceeding the amount calculated. This society or syndicate acted by means 
of a Board of Control, composed of eight municipal Councillors, seventeen Senator. 
Deputies and State Representatives and eighteen subscribers to the guarantee fund, each 
commissioner representing 1,000,000 francs. Thus the state had control of the exhibition, 
the City of Paris had a voice in the control, and the guarantee society did not lose sight of 
its capital. The state was reimbursed to a certain extent by the greater circulation of 
money and greater surplus from indirect taxes ; the City of Paris was secured through its 
increased receipts in active duties, and the guarantee syndicate by its control of the 
receipts of the exhibition. A law dated July 6, 1886, sanctioned this combination, and on 
the 28th of July a decree regulated the organization of the service as follows : 

ORGANIZATION. 

M. Edward Loekroy. Minister of Commerce, Commissioner General. 

M. Alphand, Director General of the Works. 

M. Georges Berger, Director General of Exploitation. 

M. Grison, Director Genera! of Finance. 

M. Bartet, Engineer in Chief. 

79 




.. 



WORLD'S FAIR PARIS I 



A ministerial order was issued, dated August 26, 1886, appointing a Consultative Com- 
mittee of 300 persons, under the title of the Grand Council of the Universal Exhibition of 
1889, and this was subdivided into twenty-two consulting committees to watch over various 
departments of the Exposition. The go vernment issued 30,000,000 tickets to the guarantee 
company, which, sold at one franc each, would realize $6,000,000. It also authorized a 
lottery with 200,000 bonds of twenty-five francs, good for twenty-five tickets, the bonds 
bearing interest. They soon sold at thirty francs and over, thus paying the syndicate well 
on its investment. 

The original estimate for buildings and grounds for the World's Fair Paris 1889, was 
32,664,518 francs; in our money about $6,500,000. This included every item chargeable to 
buildings and grounds, and the result, it will be admitted by every visitor, indicated a 
good return on the investment, especially when, in closing up the account, the actual cost 
was found to bo $646,490 less than the above estimate. The total estimate made for the 
entire cost of the World's Fair Paris 1889, was 43,000,000 francs, but the result shows an 
outlay of only 41,500,000, the gross total being as follows : 

Receipts 49.500.000 francs 

Expenees 41.500,000 francs 

Showing an excess in receipts of 8,000, 000 francs 

Or $1,600,000, This wonderful result, exceeding that of any previous exhibition, was 
due almost entirely to the admirable organization of the whole affair from its smallest 
detail, and the fact that nearly all the officials connected with it were men of experience. 

There were in all 55,000 exhibitors, more than at any previous World's Fair. Of this 
number about 1,750 were from the United States. 

Police Service. — For the proper charge of this important service during the day, 
the following were required from May 5 to November 5, six months: 4 chiefs, 4 brigadiers, 
52 sous brigadiers, 800 policemen. For the night service: 2 lieutenants, 4 non-commis- 
sioned officers, 8 brigadiers, and 125 men of the Republican Guard, equivalent to our state 
troops. In addition, 62 secret service agents were employed, under the command of a 
chief and two assistants. The total number of arrests during the entire period of the 
World's Fair was only 198, which were divided as follows: 139 French, 9 Italians, 5 English, 
7 Belgians, 5 Austrians, 9 Swiss, 6 Germans, 3 Spanish, 4 Russians, 1 Hollander, 2 Irish. 1 
Egyptian, 1 Brazilian, 1 American, 1 Turk, 1 Algerian, 2 Luxembo irgians. These were 
mostly arrested for theft and pocket picking. 

Medical Service. — A central post or hospital was established, controlled by a medical 
director and nine assistants. There were also five sub-medical stations in different parts 
of the ground, with telephone connection with the city ambulance stations. The largest 
number of medical calls were due to accidents to the workmen prior to the opening of the 
exposition. 

It is a most remarkable fact that during the World's Fair 1889, Paris was exception- 
ally healthy, statistics indicating a diminution in the rate of mortality as compared with 
former years. Philosophers have said for centuries past that '"one does not think of dving 
when happy," and perhaps this may explain the incongruity. One thing is certain, that 
neither the Parisians themselves nor their visitors had time to think of getting ill. 

Narrow Gauge Railway. — The trains on this great accommodation to visitors 
started from the monumental gate at the Quay d'Orsay, and, making several turns and 
three stops, arrived at the Machinery Hall. The fifteen engines used were run by steam, 
compressed air and electricity, carrying 100 carriages of different plans. A uniform price 
of twenty-five centimes, or five cents, was made for the entire trip or any portion thereof. 
These trains commenced running at 9 a. m. till midnight, at intervals of ten minutes. 
There were carried on this railroad 6,342,670 visitors, being an average per day of 35.238 
persons in 3,708 trains, and during the six months of active work only one accident had 
been noted. Rolling chairs were largely used by invalids and others during the exposition. 

Visitors. — The regular entrance fee was one franc, but, owing to the lottery system, 
a very large number entered at half that price. The total number of admissions by 1 i. 
between May 6 and November 6, was 2S, 149,353, or more than three times the mini 1 er of 

80 



% 



~.-f 



. ■ ■;■- ., 





WORLD'S FAIR, PARIS, 1889— CENTRAL DOME. 



WORLD'S PAIR PARIS -- < 



entrances to the Centennial, thus carrying out the steady rule m progression in increased 
numbers which all exhibitions indicate, the daily average being 137,289. It is estim: 
ili.M 400.000 people visited the Fair on the last day, which makes it the largest single day 
in World's Fairs. Paris has one advantage so far as statistics are concerned. The police 
of that city can form some data fairly reliable as to the number of arrivals into the city of 
Paris, as every hotel and apartment house is obliged by law to keep a register. Tl 
show that about 1,500,000 came into the city, and upon that basis that there were not less 
than 5,000,000 separate visitors to the World's Pair, which would allow a trifle over five 
entries to each person. It is the judgment of the writer, from pretty careful examination, 
that the average entrances into the Pari. Exposition would be more nearly ten to each 
person, the admission being only one franc, in which case (if correct) there were less than 
3,000,000 visitors. However that may be, there was an increase of 12,000.000 entries over 
Paris, 1878, and 18,000,000 over Philadelphia. 1876. 

For the evening or for Sunday, an extra ticket was required; and the wonderful 
fountains, electric colored lights and splendid bands of music brought together a very 
much increased attendance. It has been estimated by a regular visitor that to see the 
entire exhibition one would walk at least iifteen miles. Foreign committees, established 
at the request of the French govei-nment, were each invited to be represented by a delegate 
charged to deal with questions interesting to the nation he represented. 

Site and Buildings. — As is well known, the Champ de Mars was again selected as 
the site for the "World's Fair Paris 1889. The total space occupied was 173 acres. The 
largest building on the ground was the Machinery Palace, 1,378 feet long, 406 feet wide and 
166 feet high. The building cost $1,500,000 and covered eleven acres. The Palace of A rl s 
cost $1,350,000, and the Palace of the French Section cost $1,150,000, while $500,000 was 
expended on the parks and gardens. Among these parks were interspersed that marvelous 
collections of dwellings representing an Indian dwelling, a street in Algiers, houses of New 
Caledonia, Tunisian minaret, Turkish village, English dairies, Dutch bakeries, etc. There 
is no question but that the Eiffel Tower was the principal attraction in Paris, 1889, as it is 
now. This structure, 984 feet high, it named after its inventor, a French engineer, who, how- 
ever, has given credit to this country as having furnished the idea; possibly the Sawyer 
Observatory at the Centennial may have suggested it. Its base forms a gigantic archway 
over a main path leading from the bridge into the central grounds of the Exposition. The 
tower is of very simple construction, built entirely of iron girders and pillars, with four 
great shafts consisting of four columns each, starting from the four corners of the base 
and merging into the single shaft, which forms the main part of the tower. This shaft 
ends in a great cupola or Alpine reception room, which in turn is surmounted by a still 
higher lantern or observatory, the platform of which is over 800 feet above the ground. 
The total weight has been estimated at 15,000,000 pounds, or 7,500 tons, and the cost at 
about $1,000,000, the French government assuming one-third the expense. On the first 
platform of tne Eiffel Tower restaurants have been established, where visitors can rest and 
refresh themselves and enjoy a magnificent view of Paris and its suburbs. 

The results of the World's Fair Paris 1889 were most satisfactory. The gold reserve 
or balance in the Bank of France was enormously increased. It was estimated that Ameri- 
cans brought over and spent 350,000,000 francs in gold. The various railroad companies 
admit an increase in numbers over the six months of the preceding year of 1.S7S.747, and 
in receipts of over 66,000.000 francs, and the City of Paris Omnibus ( !ompany of 4.000,000. 
The Cab Company transported 26,097,112 persons from January 1 to November 1, 1SS9; t In- 
same period in the previous year, only 12.000.000, with an increase in revenue of 1,55S,000 
francs. The Louvre, a large dry goods store, ran four free stages to the exhibition, 
carrying 1,320,000 passengers gratis. There were some 300 open wagons or spring wagons 
in use, run by private parties, making as high a1 $50 per day. The tramways, from May 6 
to October 31, carried 6,342,670 people, giving over 1.5(10.000 francs receipts, sometimes 
carrying 10,000 per hour. The Belt Line carried an average of 30,000 per day during the 
fair, and a total of not less than 16.215,625 individuals, and the small steamboats on the 
Seine, 13,527,125. The tl#aters all showed large gains, the total excess of receipts over 
previous years being $19,867,555 francs. The restaurants were great gainers, the increased 



81 



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18/ La Salle Street 



92 CALUMET BUILDING 



CHICAGO 

PUBLISHERS OF- 



WORLD'S 
FAIRS ** 

FROM LONDON, 18*1 TO CHICAGO, 189? 



This Volume is the most Complete Book on World's Fairs before 

the Public 



OUR GENERAL VIEW OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION 
IS A MOST PERFECT PICTURE. BEAUTIFULLY COLORED AND 
PRONOUNCED A "GEM" BY EVERY ONE 



Prices and Terms Named on Application 



WORLD'S FAIR PARIS 1889. 



receipts being at the Champ de Mars alone 1,640,000 francs more than the previous year. 
The World's Fair Paris 1889 showed a profit of 8,000,000 francs, the loss in 1878 at the Paris 
Exposition being 31,704,890 francs. Adding together the increase of the bank balances, of 
the receipts of railroads and of the revenue, a total gain of not far short of 500,000,000 
will appear; to this must be added the strictly private receipts. Allowing 1,500,000 to 
foreign visitors, spending an average of 500 francs or $100 each while in Paris, and 6,000,- 
000 from the provinces of France, spending say 100 francs or $20 each, are 1,250,000,000 
more, giving a tota direct of 1,750,000,000 francs, or about $350,000,000. Thus the heavy 
outlays made by the French government and ^he City of Paris were returned tenfold. 




ti2 



THE GREINER PATENT ECONOMICAL CUPOLA. 

John S. Unger, M. E. and T. A. "Wig-ham, forming the firm of Unger >.v Wigham, 301 Phenix 
Building', say that in placing the Greiner patent economical cupola before the foundrymen and 
steel manufacturers in this country, they have the advantage of the splendid results already obtained 
with this cupola in Europe, where upwards of 400 are in daily use. The adoption of the Greiner 
system of melting iron there has met with the most satisfactory results. In no case has the saving 
of fuel been less than 15 per cent., and in some instances it has reached 40 and even -50 per cent. 

The novelty of the invention consists in a judicious admission of blast into the upper zones of 
a cupola, whereby the combustible gases are consumed within the cupola, and the heat utilized to 
preheat the descending charges, thereby effecting a saving in the fuel necessary to melt the iron 
when it reaches the melting zones. In order to fully explain the principle of its workings, we illus- 
trate in Fig. 1 a cupola of ordinary design, with a single row of tuyeres or air inlets, a a. The 
incoming air burns the coke in front of the tuyeres to carbonic acid gas, a combination indicating 
perfect combustion. As this gas ascends through the incandescent coke above, most of it is 
converted into carbonic oxide by the absorption of an equivalent of carbon. The result of the 
combustion is, therefore, a gas mostly composed of carbonic oxide (CO), indicating an imperfect 
utilization of fuel, as one pound of carbon burned to carbonic acid. (0O2) will develop 14,500 heal 
units, whereas, the same amount of carbon burned to carbonic oxide (CO) will only develop 4.480 
heat units, or less than one-third of the heat developed by perfect combustion. To avoid this los> 
of heat additional tuyeres have been placed at a short distance (Fig. 2 b b) above the lower tuyeres 
to introduce air to consume the carbonic oxide (CO), but such arrangement does not have the desired 
effect, because the material at that place in the cupola has a very high temperature, consequently 
the entering air also ignites the coke, so that the action of the lower tuyeres is simply repeated, 





FIG. I. 



FIG. II, 




and carbonic oxide (CO) again formed at a short distance above b b. This lead Mr. Greiner to the 
following conclusions: In every cupola there must be a point (c c Fig. 3) above which the descend- 
ing materials have not yet reached the temperature necessary for the ignition of the solid fuel, 
while the ascending combustible gas is still warm enough to ignite when brought into contact with 
air. It is clear that air, if properly admitted above that point, will cause the combustion of the car- 
bonic oxide (CO) without igniting the coke. 

But if all the air necessary for the combustion of the carbonic oxide (CO) be admitted at one 
place, or in one horizontal row of tuyeres, the heat developed will very soon raise the temperature 
so as to set fire to the coke, producing loss of carbon as befere. Hence^the upper blast must not be 
introduced on a horizontal plane, but through a number of small tuyeres, arranged (either in the 
form of a spiral or otherwise) so as to embrace the higher zones of the cupola, and must be regu- 
lated, both as to pressure and to arrangement and dimensions of pipes, according to the capacity 
of each particular cupola. The combustible gases are thus burned without heating the coke to 
incandescence, and the heat thus developed utilized to preheat the iron and the coker so that they 
reach the melting zone at a higher temperature, and require less heat to effect the melting. 

Another point in favor of the Greiner economical cupola, and which is very important in most 
foundries and steel works, is that the application of the Greiner svstem will increase the melting- 
capacity of the cupola, owing to the more rapid melting in the fusion zone, and to the additional 
room in the cupola that previously was occupied by the extra amount of coke not now required. 
Owing to the more rapid melting, a purer and better iron is obtained. As will lie understood, the 
number, size, position and arrangement of the upper tuveres vary considerably, according to the 
capacity of the cupola to which the system is to be applied. It can be readily adapted to any fittings 
existing cupolas; without material alteration being" effected, while the only additional fitting 
necessary . generally consists of a circular pipe connected bv branches with the main blasl box of the 
cupola, valves to regulate the blast and connecting pipes for the small tuveres. Given the size of the 
■cupola, and the conditions under which it is worked, Messrs L T nger \v Wigham are prepared 
under the patentee "s instructions to advise on the proper arrangements, the firm guaranteeing in 
•each instance a saving of 15 per cent, in the consumption of fuel. (See next page.) 




GREINER PATENT ECONOMICAL CUPOLA. 



Takamine Ferment Company 




■ 



N immense concern, possessing the right to a process that has revolutionized the 
manufacture of alcohol, alcholic liquors and wines, beers, yeast, vinegar, glucose, 
sugar, etc., is the Takamine Ferment Company, incorporated in 1890, under 
the laws of the state of Illinois, with a capital of $10,000,000. The process con- 
trolled by this company is known as the Takamine Ferment Process, and is the 
invention of Mr. Jokichi Takamine, the president of the company, a Japanese 
gentleman who has received the most distinguished honors under the govern- 
ment of Japan, and who is renowned in Europe, where he was educated, and 
in the United States as a savant of the greatest erudition. The value of the 
process may be inferred from the fact that it has been adopted by all the dis- 
tilleries operated by the Distilling and Cattle Feeding Company, and that 
immediately upon its adoption the wholesale price of whisky will be reduced 
from three to four cents per gallon, the cost of production having been materi- 
ally decreased. This process makes it possible to extract the spirits from corn 
without the use of malt or small grain. It is an entirely new process, totally 
unlike any ever before used. The saving in cost is about fifteen cents in the 
treatment of each bushel of mash, and in addition to this the yield is increased 
to the value of about ten cents, making a total profit of twenty-five cents per 
bushel over and above that obtained by the best methods previously in use in 
America or Europe. This company has a perfect ferment and a diastase which costs practically nothing, and 
which enters into the manufacture of beers, compressed yeast, vinegar, glucose and California wines, even more 
largel}' in some instances thau it does into the manufacture of whisky or alcohol. The office of the company is at 
No° 907 Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Jokichi Takamine, the president of the company and inventor of the process, 
is a native of Japan and was educated at the university of Glasgow, in Scotland, and pursued his post-graduate 
course under Professor Mills. F. R. S., one of the most distinguished chemists of the world. He left his native 

f— — — — — ■ — ■ — 7 1 land at the age 1 ; : t - . — '. 

of fourteen to 
commence his 
studies in Eu- 
MwittSS rope, and he 

has been an in- 
defatigable stu- 
dent ever since, 
never abating j 
his investiga- 
tions and re- 
j searches. For 
! some 3'ears he 
ti aveled over 
Europe, spend- 
ing considera- 
ble time in 
1 England and 
Scotland, and 
on returning to 
Japan took 
rank at once 
among the fore- 
. most and pro- 

gressive men of 
that progres- 
sive country. ] 

: l He was made > : ■ 

Councillor of the Societies of Chemistry and Engineering of Tokio, and Director of the Technical College of the 
Department of Agriculture. At the time of the New Orleans Exposition he was appointed commissioner from 
Japan, where his courteous bearing, diplomatic ability, personal worth and scientific attainments fully justified 
the wisdom of his election to represent his nation in this great enterprise. While in New Orleans he met Miss 
Carrie Hitch, who was a favorite in the most select circle of society, and a young lady of great personal attrac- 
tions and the most estimable qualities. Their acquaintance ripened into love and their marriage was one of the 
social events of the season. Before returning to Japan, Mr. Takamine visited the phosphate mines of South 
Carolina and arranged for the first shipment of phosphate rock ever made from the United States to Japan, 
where it is now extensively used in the manufacture of fertilizers in a large factory built by Mr. Takamine, and 
operated entire^' by native labor. The company owning the plant has a capital of $r, 000, 000, and is doing a suc- 
cessful business. In addition to this fertilizer, which has renewed the lands exhausted by centuries of cultiva- 
tion, Mr. Takamine has made and introduced many other improvements in the arts and sciences of Japan, and 
in recognition of his eminent services he was appointed Director General of the Patent Office, which depart- 
ment he remodeled after that of the United States of America. It was while pursuing his studies in London 
with Prof. Mills that his attention was first called to the alcoholic liquor industry, and an investigation of the 
subject convinced him that there was a wide field for improvement in the means and methods employed. For 
several years he devoted himself to a patient study of the fundamental scientific principles underlying this 
great industry, and his labors and research were finally rewarded by the discovery of a new process for the pro- 
duction of alcoholic liquors, which, while in principle an entirely new departure, was adaptable to the system 
and appliances of the modern distillery and brewery, securing thereby an enormous saving in cost of production, 
and a large increase in yield at a comparatively trilling expense in the alteration of a manufacturing plant. 

Since November 1st they have received some very handsome propositions for the yeast business, and are now 
negotiating with one of the largest bread interests in the country that will be quite as remunerative as the 
alcohol business. Mr. Takamine has in his laboratory samples of Takakoji made from wheat brand, corn brand, 
and distiller's slop, 2 or 3 per cent, better than malt, and excellent Takakoji from corn cobs, and it is only now a 
matter with the distillers to find what machinery is most necessary for the successful operation of their 
different plants. 

Selecting Chicago as the most inviting location for the introduction of his new process into the United States, 
the company which now controls it was organized and the success with which it has met has already been told. 
The other officers of the company are D. E. Sibley, vice-president; Edward Moore, secretary; George D. Hart, 
assistant secretary; E- V. Hitch, treasurer, and George T. Burrough, general manager. These gentlemen are all 
so well known and their ability in business matters and standing in financial and social circles so generally 
recognized in Chicago, that extended notice would be superfluous. Mr. Sibley is the president of the Sibley 
Elevator Company; Mr. Hitch, the secretary of the Standard Fireless Engine Company, and Mr. Burrough, the 
manager of the Calumet Distillery. Chicago is to be congratulated on the fact that the company has identified 
itself with this city, and it is with the greatest pleasure that this extended notice is accorded it in this work. 




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